{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T06:08:37Z","timestamp":1769839717655,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Context:<\/jats:bold>There is an ongoing debate on the optimal management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants. Identifying subgroup of infants who would benefit from pharmacological treatment might help.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>To investigate the modulating effect of the differences in methodological quality, the rate of open-label treatment, and patient characteristics on relevant outcome measures in randomized controlled trials (RCTs).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Data Sources:<\/jats:bold>Electronic database search between 1950 and May 2020.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Study Selection:<\/jats:bold>RCTs that assessed pharmacological treatment compared to placebo\/no treatment.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Data Extraction:<\/jats:bold>Data is extracted following the PRISMA guidelines. Outcome measures were failure to ductal closure, surgical ligation, incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, periventricular leukomalacia, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) grade \u22653, retinopathy of prematurity and mortality.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>Forty-seven studies were eligible. The incidence of IVH grade \u22653 was lower in the treated infants compared to the placebo\/no treatment (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.64\u20130.94) and in the subgroups of infants with either a gestational age &amp;lt;28 weeks (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61\u20130.98), a birth weight &amp;lt;1,000 g (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61\u20130.97), or if untargeted treatment with indomethacin was started &amp;lt;24 h after birth (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54\u20130.90).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Limitations:<\/jats:bold>Statistical heterogeneity caused by missing data and variable definitions of outcome parameters.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>Although the quality of evidence is low, this meta-analysis suggests that pharmacological treatment of PDA reduces severe IVH in extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight infants or if treatment with indomethacin was started &amp;lt;24 h after birth. No other beneficial effects of pharmacological treatment were found.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.626262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T04:47:01Z","timestamp":1612846021000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Factors Associated With Benefit of Treatment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Esther J. S.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Hundscheid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wes","family":"Onland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth M. 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