{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:07:35Z","timestamp":1790968055032,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The epidemiology of early-onset sepsis (EOS) may change over time. Longitudinal surveillance of causative pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and antibiotic therapy is important for optimal therapy strategies.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objectives:<\/jats:bold> To describe the incidence of culture-confirmed EOS, causative pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and antibiotic therapy over a 23-year period.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Retrospective population-based study from a single-center neonatal intensive care unit at Stavanger University Hospital, Norway, covering a population in South-West Norway, during the 23-year period 1996\u20132018.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Of 104,377 live born infants, 101 infants (0.97\/1,000) had culture-confirmed EOS; 89 with Gram positive and 12 with Gram-negative bacteria. The EOS-attributable mortality was 6\/101 (5.8%). For the three most prevalent pathogens the incidences were; Group B streptococcus (GBS) 0.57\/1,000, <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> 0.11\/1,000 and viridans group streptococci (VGS) 0.10\/1,000. GBS was the most common pathogen (59\/93; 63%) in infants with gestational age (GA) \u2265 28 weeks. In contrast, among extremely preterm infants (GA &amp;lt;28 weeks) the incidence of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> infection was higher than for GBS infection. The second most common bacterial pathogens causing EOS among term infants were VGS. There was no change in the incidence of EOS for the entire study period, but from 2000 to 2018 there was a mean decline in EOS by 6% per year (95% CI 1%\u221210%) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.019). The incidences of GBS and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> did not change during the study period. The initial empirical antibiotic regimen for EOS was in all cases a combination of benzylpenicillin or ampicillin and an aminoglycoside, but in 21\/101 (21%) of cases a broad-spectrum antibiotic was either added or substituted this regimen. In 2\/101 (2%) EOS cases, the pathogens were nonsusceptible to the empirical antibiotic regimen. All <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were susceptible to aminoglycosides.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> GBS was the most common causative pathogens in EOS, but <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> dominated in infants with GA &amp;lt;28 weeks. There was no change in the incidence of EOS during the entire study period. The current empiric regimen with benzylpenicillin and gentamicin provides a very high coverage for EOS in our setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.634798","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T04:57:50Z","timestamp":1615957070000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Early-Onset Sepsis in Neonates - A Population-Based Study in South-West Norway From 1996 to 2018"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Anlaug","family":"Vatne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"Klingenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siren","family":"Rettedal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Knut","family":"\u00d8ymar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2217","article-title":"Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal E. coli disease continues","volume":"127","author":"Stoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20162013","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2013","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis, 2005 to 2014","volume":"138","author":"Schrag","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1866-z","article-title":"Changes in incidence and etiology of early-onset neonatal infections 1997-2017 - 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