{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:27:17Z","timestamp":1791930437546,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    There is increasing evidence of prematurity being a risk factor for long-term respiratory outcomes regardless the presence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Aim:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To assess the effect of prematurity on respiratory outcomes in children born \u226432 weeks of gestational age at 11 years of age.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Fifty five ex-preterm children (\u2264 32 weeks of gestational age), born in Chieti between January 1, 2006 and December 31, 2007, performed lung function and diffusing capacity test (DLCO) at 11 years of age. Furthermore, allergy evaluation by skin prick test (SPT), eosinophil blood count and assessment of eosinophilic airways inflammation by exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were performed. The ex-preterm group was compared to an age- and sex-matched group of term children.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    No difference for atopic and respiratory medical history was found between ex-preterm children and term controls, except for preschool wheezing that resulted more frequent in ex-preterm children. No difference neither in school-aged asthma frequency nor in lung function assessment at 11 years of age was found between the two groups. Lower DLCO values in ex-preterm children compared to term controls regardless the presence of BPD were found; furthermore, we showed a positive association between DLCO and gestational age. Eosinophil blood count, positive SPTs and FeNO values were similar between the two groups.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Diffusing lung capacity was decreased in ex-preterm children at 11 years of age in the absence of lung function impairment and eosinophil airway inflammation, suggesting a non-eosinophilic pattern underlying pulmonary alterations. It could be desirable to include the diffusing capacity assessment in follow-up evaluation of all ex-preterm children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.635503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:16:38Z","timestamp":1621901798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pulmonary Outcomes in Children Born Extremely and Very Preterm at 11 Years of Age"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cosimo","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Attanasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Dodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Scaparrotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianna Immacolata","family":"Petrosino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Di Pillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23153","article-title":"New BPD predicts lung function at school age: Follow-up study and meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Ronkainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.62.1.825","article-title":"Lung development and function in preterm infants in the surfactant treatment era","volume":"62","author":"Jobe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1586172","article-title":"Respiratory outcome after preterm birth: a long and difficult journey","volume":"33","author":"Priante","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.015","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: the earliest and perhaps the longest lasting obstructive lung disease in humans","volume":"89","author":"Carraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000095","article-title":"Disrupted lung development and bronchopulmonary dysplasia: opportunities for lung repair and regeneration","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1159\/000497422","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: 50 years after the original description","volume":"115","author":"Bancalari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034805","article-title":"Standardisation of spirometry","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00035205","article-title":"Interpretative strategies for lung function tests","volume":"26","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1600016","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00016-2016","article-title":"2017 ERS\/ATS standards for single-breath carbon monoxide uptake in the lung","volume":"49","author":"Graham","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-710ST","article-title":"ATS\/ERS recommendations for standardized procedures for the online and offline measurement of exhaled lower respiratory nitric oxide and nasal nitric oxide, 2005","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12120","article-title":"EAACI position paper: skin prick testing in the diagnosis of occupational type I allergies","volume":"34","author":"van Kampen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00010-2017","article-title":"Global Lung Function Initiative TLCO Working Group; Global Lung Initiative (GLI) TLCO. 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