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This article briefly describes the pathophysiological mechanisms which lead to hyperglycemia under stressful circumstances particularly in the pediatric and adolescent population. The importance of prevention of hyperglycemia, especially for children, is emphasized and the existing models for the prediction of diabetes are presented. The available studies on the association between stress hyperglycemia and progress to type 1 diabetes mellitus are presented, implying a possible role for stress hyperglycemia as part of a broader prognostic model for the prediction and prevention of overt disease in susceptible patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.670976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T04:53:47Z","timestamp":1619412827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stress Hyperglycemia in Children and Adolescents as a Prognostic Indicator for the Development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Argyropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Korakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aristofanis","family":"Gikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Kountouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Kostaridou-Nikolopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vaia","family":"Lambadiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60553-5","article-title":"Stress hyperglycaemia","volume":"373","author":"Dungan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9029","article-title":"American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient glycemic control","volume":"32","author":"Moghissi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600106","article-title":"Stress hyperglycemia in pediatric critical illness: the intensive care unit adds to the stress!","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/cc12514","article-title":"Stress hyperglycemia: an essential survival response!","volume":"17","author":"Marik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a007641","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007641","article-title":"The pathogenesis and natural history of type 1 diabetes","volume":"2","author":"Atkinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2010.03.018","article-title":"Prediction and pathogenesis in type 1 diabetes","volume":"32","author":"Ziegler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1515\/JPEM.2005.18.4.363","article-title":"Activity of the growth hormone\/insulin-like growth factor-I axis in critically ill children","volume":"18","author":"Gardelis","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2528","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118314","article-title":"Uptake and release of glucose by the human kidney. 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