{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T05:07:05Z","timestamp":1761541625294,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIH:2 R01HL111695-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIH:2 R01HL111695-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbances in early childhood are associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Children also exhibit sleep disruptions, such as nighttime awakenings, nightmares, and difficulties falling asleep, in conjunction with adverse events and stress. Prior studies have examined independently the role of sleep on adaptive processing, as well as the effects of stress on sleep. However, how childhood sleep and children's adaptive behavior (i.e., coping strategies) bidirectionally interact is currently less known. Using a within-subjects design and actigraphy-measured sleep from 16 preschool-aged children (M<jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub> = 56.4 months, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic> = 10.8, range: 36\u201370 months), this study investigated how prior sleep patterns relate to children's coping during a potentially stressful event, the COVID-19 pandemic, and how prior coping skills may influence children's sleep during the pandemic. Children who woke earlier had greater negative expression both before and during the pandemic. During the pandemic, children slept longer and woke later on average compared to before the pandemic. Additionally, for children engaged in at-home learning, sleeping longer was associated with less negative expression. These findings highlight how sleep behaviors and coping strategies are related, and the stability of this relationship under stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.716608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T04:46:41Z","timestamp":1627620401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Sleep and Coping in Early Childhood During the COVID-19 Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sanna","family":"Lokhandwala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer F.","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gina M.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine W.","family":"St. Laurent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cassandra","family":"Delvey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Hanron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chloe","family":"Andre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Rodheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sukhmanjit","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca M. C.","family":"Spencer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.127.1.87","article-title":"Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: problems, progress, and potential in theory and research","volume":"127","author":"Compas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychol Bull."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12047","article-title":"Coping with stress among preschool children and associations with anxiety level and controllability of situations","volume":"66","author":"Yeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust J Psychol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085705","article-title":"The development of coping","volume":"58","author":"Skinner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.2307\/1131291","article-title":"Coping, stress, and the psychological symptoms of children of divorce: a cross-sectional and longitudinal study","volume":"65","author":"Sandler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-012-0303-4","article-title":"Emotion regulation and childhood aggression: longitudinal associations","volume":"43","author":"R\u00f6ll","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2011.00962.x","article-title":"Acute sleep restriction effects on emotion responses in 30- to 36-month-old children","volume":"21","author":"Berger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2016.1204921","article-title":"Sleep moderates the association between response inhibition and self-regulation in early childhood","volume":"46","author":"Schumacher","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12411","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.12411","article-title":"Napping reduces emotional attention bias during early childhood","volume":"20","author":"Cremone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Sci."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.00392","article-title":"Sleep and adjustment in preschool children: sleep diary reports by mothers relate to behavior reports by teachers","volume":"73","author":"Bates","year":"2002","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-4993(18)30356-0","article-title":"Stress, trauma, and sleep in children","volume":"5","author":"Sadeh","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-6383(84)80043-0","article-title":"Separation stress of nursery school infants and toddlers graduating to new classes","volume":"7","author":"Field","year":"1984","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.2307\/1130000","article-title":"Children's responses to separation from mother during the birth of another child","volume":"55","author":"Field","year":"1984","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1080\/14768320701302791","article-title":"The role of psychological mechanisms to insomnia in its early phase: a focus on arousal, distress, and sleep-related beliefs","volume":"23","author":"Jansson-Frojmark","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol Heal."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036699","article-title":"Income, ethnicity, and sleep: coping as a moderator","volume":"20","author":"El-Sheikh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cult Divers Ethn Minor Psychol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21916\/mlr.2020.6","article-title":"How many workers are employed in sectors directly affected by COVID-19 shutdowns, where do they work, and how much do they earn?","author":"Dey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mon Labor Rev."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e40","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2005638","article-title":"Feeding low-income children during the Covid-19 pandemic","volume":"382","author":"Dunn","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-00913-3","article-title":"Psychological health, sleep quality, and coping styles to stress facing the COVID-19 in Wuhan, China","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010176","article-title":"Sociodemographic predictors of changes in physical activity, screen time, and sleep among toddlers and preschoolers in chile during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"18","author":"Aguilar-Farias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8806","article-title":"Did the COVID-19 lockdown really have no impact on young children's sleep?","volume":"16","author":"Lecuelle","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13142","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13142","article-title":"Sleep of preschoolers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.8648","article-title":"Early impact of COVID-19 lockdown on children's sleep: a 4-week longitudinal study","volume":"16","author":"Dellagiulia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25367","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 lockdown on sleep duration in children and adolescents: a survey across different continents","volume":"56","author":"Kaditis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13314","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13314.","article-title":"Severe effects of the COVID-19 confinement on young children's sleep: a longitudinal study identifying risk and protective factors","author":"Markovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199305000-00002","article-title":"Coping theory and research: past, present, and future","volume":"55","author":"Lazarus","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12717","article-title":"Sleep tight, act right: negative affect, sleep and behavior problems during early childhood","volume":"89","author":"Cremone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsw006","article-title":"Maternal depressive symptoms and household income in relation to sleep in early childhood","volume":"41","author":"de Jong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol."},{"volume-title":"Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019. US Census Bur Curr Popul Reports 60-270","year":"2020","author":"Semega","key":"B27"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.2007.00588.x","article-title":"Validation of actigraphy for determining sleep and wake in children with sleep disordered breathing","volume":"16","author":"Hyde","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sleep Res."},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"p. 19\n            LadouceurC\n          COVID-19 Adolescent Symptom and Psychological Experience Questionnaire- Parent2020"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr193","article-title":"The PhenX toolkit: get the most from your measures","volume":"174","year":"2011","journal-title":"American J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B31","unstructured":"COVID-19 State of Emergency2020"},{"volume-title":"Validation with Polysomnography of the Sleepwatch Sleep\/Wake Scoring Algorithm used by the Actiwatch Activity Monitoring System. Bend Mini Mitter, Cambridge Neurotechnology","year":"1997","author":"Oakley","key":"B32"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcc.2005.11.010","article-title":"Actigraphy","volume":"12","author":"Acebo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Respir Care Clin N Am."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000838.","article-title":"The mental health implications of COVID-19 for adolescents: follow-up of a four-wave longitudinal study during the pandemic","author":"De France","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsab021","article-title":"COVID-19 impacts on families of color and families of children with asthma","volume":"46","author":"Clawson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Psychol."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8425.2012.00541.x","article-title":"What is chronotype?","volume":"10","author":"Roenneberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-91205-3","article-title":"Diurnal preference and depressive symptomatology: a meta- analysis","volume":"11","author":"Norbury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2003.5.4\/awirzjustice","article-title":"Chronobiology and mood disorders","volume":"4","author":"Wirz-Justice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1530449","article-title":"Prospects for circadian treatment of mood disorders","volume":"50","author":"H\u00fchne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/0887044042000193460","article-title":"Physical recovery in arthroscopic knee surgery: unique contributions of coping behaviors to clinical outcomes and stress reactivity","volume":"19","author":"Rosenberger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol Heal."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e833","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.13324","article-title":"Sleep facilitates coping: moderated mediation of daily sleep, ethnic\/racial discrimination, stress responses, and adolescent well-being","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-010-9155-5","article-title":"Changes in sleep as a function of adolescent development","volume":"21","author":"Colrain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsych Rev."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200208000-00015","article-title":"Sleep problems in childhood: a longitudinal study of developmental change and association with behavioral problems","volume":"41","author":"Gregory","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12639","article-title":"Variation in common preschool sleep problems as an early predictor for depression and anxiety symptom severity across time","volume":"58","author":"Whalen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030223","article-title":"Children's sleep and adjustment: a residualized change analysis","volume":"49","author":"El-Sheikh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev Psychol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02357751","article-title":"Stress and coping in depressed women","volume":"18","author":"Kuyken","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3743","article-title":"Light as a central modulator of circadian rhythms, sleep and affect","volume":"15","author":"Legates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3298","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1629","article-title":"Influence of light at night on melatonin suppression in children","volume":"99","author":"Higuchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"B49","first-page":"35","article-title":"Chronobiology, melatonin, and sleep in infants and children","volume":"28","author":"DiLeo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Nurs."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.06.001","article-title":"Normal sleep patterns in infants and children: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"16","author":"Galland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307241","article-title":"Napping, development and health from 0 to 5 years: a systematic review","volume":"100","author":"Thorpe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.111.2.302","article-title":"Sleep duration from infancy to adolescence: reference values and generational trends","volume":"111","author":"Iglowstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.716608\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]],"date-time":"2021-07-30T04:46:48Z","timestamp":1627620408000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.716608\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2021.716608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.716608","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,30]]},"article-number":"716608"}}