{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T15:02:37Z","timestamp":1791298957820,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009108","name":"Shandong University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009108","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is one of the most common nasal diseases. Different from common clinical examination methods, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can provide visual flow information of the nasal cavity. The dimension and volume of the nasal cavity are easily affected by rapid maxillary expansion (RME). The purpose of this study was to use CFD to evaluate the effect of RME on the aerodynamics of the nasal cavity in children with maxillary transverse deficiency and NSD. Computational fluid dynamics was implemented after 3D reconstruction based on the CBCT of 15 children who have completed RME treatment. After treatment, the volume increases in the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and pharynx were not statistically significant. The wall shear stress of the nasal cavity after RME, 1.749 \u00b1 0.673 Pa, was significantly lower than that before RME, 2.684 \u00b1 0.919 Pa. Meanwhile, the maximal negative pressure in the pharyngeal airway during inspiration was smaller after RME (\u221231.058 Pa) than before (\u221248.204 Pa). This study suggests that RME has a beneficial effect on nasal ventilation. The nasal airflow became more symmetrical in the bilateral nasal cavity after RME. Pharyngeal resistance decreased with the reduction in nasal resistance and the increase in the volume of oropharynx after RME.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.718735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T06:58:43Z","timestamp":1644476323000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Rapid Maxillary Expansion Has a Beneficial Effect on the Ventilation in Children With Nasal Septal Deviation: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongxu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2015.3142","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of chronic rhinosinusitus, allergic rhinitis, and nasal septal deviation: results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2008\u20132012","volume":"142","author":"Ahn","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.07.005","article-title":"The prevalence of nasal septal deviation in children from Kahramanmaras, Turkey","volume":"67","author":"Yildirim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200012000-00024","article-title":"Histopathology of the inferior turbinate with compensatory hypertrophy in patients with deviated nasal septum","volume":"110","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.20585","article-title":"Assessment of septal deviation effects on nasal air flow: a computational fluid dynamics model","volume":"119","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.12.010","article-title":"Correlation between nasal airflow characteristics and clinical relevance of nasal septal deviation to nasal airway obstruction","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(69)90034-7","article-title":"The primary role of functional matrices in facial growth","volume":"55","author":"Moss","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Orthod."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S757","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(97)70124-6","article-title":"Nasal obstruction as a risk factor for sleep-disordered breathing. The University of Wisconsin Sleep and Respiratory Research Group","volume":"99","author":"Young","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol."},{"key":"B8","first-page":"73","article-title":"Rapid expansion of the maxillary dental arch and nasal cavity by opening the midpalatal suture","volume":"31","author":"Haas","year":"1961","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03539-3","article-title":"Evaluation of pulp cavity\/chamber changes after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansions: a CBCT study using surface-based superimposition and deviation analysis","volume":"25","author":"Lo Giudice","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"225","article-title":"Orthopaedic treatment efficiency in skeletal class III malocclusions in young patients: RME-face mask versus TSME","volume":"13","author":"Maspero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.2319\/101218-738.1","article-title":"Effects of rapid maxillary expansion on upper airway volume: a three-dimensional cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"89","author":"Abdalla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2008.521","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for the treatment of nasal obstruction in children younger than 12 years","volume":"135","author":"Monini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"129","article-title":"Multimodal airway evaluation in growing patients after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"16","author":"Fastuca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/26.4.397","article-title":"Evaluation of nasal airway resistance during rapid maxillary expansion using acoustic rhinometry","volume":"26","author":"Doruk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-015-0085-x","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics analysis of the upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a case report","volume":"16","author":"Ghoneima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Orthod."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.08.025","article-title":"Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics","volume":"141","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-015-0084-y","article-title":"Effect of non-surgical maxillary expansion on the nasal septum deviation: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Aziz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Orthod."},{"key":"B18","first-page":"125","article-title":"RME: influences on the nasal septum","volume":"61","author":"Farronato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.07.010","article-title":"Craniofacial growth in children with nasal septum deviation: a cephalometric comparative study","volume":"74","author":"D'Ascanio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2012.01533.x","article-title":"Nasal septal and craniofacial form in European- and African-derived populations","volume":"221","author":"Holton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e42","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4289","article-title":"Septoplasty in children","volume":"30","author":"Cingi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-021-00074-0","article-title":"Efficiency of modified Goldman's technique in open pediatric septoplasty","volume":"37","author":"Sabry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt J Otolaryngol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12145","article-title":"Quality of life in children following nasal septal surgery: a review of its outcome","volume":"3","author":"Saniasiaya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Investig."},{"key":"B24","first-page":"53","article-title":"An overview of numerical modelling of nasal airflow","volume":"44","author":"Bailie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rhinology."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-017-4611-y","article-title":"New CFD tools to evaluate nasal airflow","volume":"274","author":"Burgos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420905186","article-title":"Impact of a concha bullosa on nasal airflow characteristics in the setting of nasal septal deviation: a computational fluid dynamics analysis","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2020.07.032","article-title":"Evaluation of airflow characteristics before and after septoplasty in unilateral cleft patients with a deviated nasal septum: a computational fluid dynamics study","volume":"50","author":"Ramanathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2005.06.021","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics modeling of the upper airway of children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in steady flow","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12311","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion effects of nasal airway in children with cleft lip and palate using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"22","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.04.014","article-title":"Cone-beam computed tomography transverse analysis. Part I: normative data","volume":"142","author":"Miner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3671","article-title":"Relationship between septal body size and septal deviation","volume":"25","author":"Setlur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2008.22.3211","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow in the normal nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses","volume":"22","author":"Xiong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.6444","article-title":"Dynamic volume computed tomography imaging of the upper airway in obstructive sleep apnea","volume":"13","author":"Fleck","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Sleep Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-013-2363-x","article-title":"Numerical simulation for the upper airway flow characteristics of Chinese patients with OSAHS using CFD models","volume":"270","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2009.03.035","article-title":"Validation of computational fluid dynamics methodology used for human upper airway flow simulations","volume":"42","author":"Mylavarapu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2021.110383","article-title":"Open oral cavity has little effects on upper airway aerodynamics in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a computational fluid dynamics study based on patient-specific models","volume":"121","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Biomech."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2014.05.004","article-title":"The effect of rapid maxillary expansion on pharyngeal airway pressure during inspiration evaluated using computational fluid dynamics","volume":"78","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240602000220","article-title":"Nasal air temperature and airflow during respiration in numerical simulation based on multislice computed tomography scan","volume":"20","author":"Lindemann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2014.06.008","article-title":"A computational study of the respiratory airflow characteristics in normal and obstructed human airways","volume":"52","author":"Sul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2013.09.004","article-title":"Surface mapping for visualization of wall stresses during inhalation in a human nasal cavity","volume":"190","author":"Inthavong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18886","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610868104","article-title":"Acoustically detectable cellular-level lung injury induced by fluid mechanical stresses in microfluidic airway systems","volume":"104","author":"Huh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2017.47.6.353","article-title":"Investigation of the effects of miniscrew-assisted rapid palatal expansion on airflow in the upper airway of an adult patient with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome using computational fluid-structure interaction analysis","volume":"47","author":"Hur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2319\/030411-157.1","article-title":"Upper airway expansion after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.12.020","article-title":"Nasal cavity volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion in adolescents evaluated with 3-dimensional simulation and modeling programs","volume":"140","author":"Gorgulu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"B45","article-title":"Timing of Peak Mandibular Growth in Different Facial Growth Patterns and Resultant Mandibular Projection","author":"Lee","year":"2011"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.10.013","article-title":"Airway growth and development: a computerized 3-dimensional analysis","volume":"70","author":"Schendel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.2319\/013021-86.1","article-title":"Three-dimensional assessment of the spheno-occipital synchondrosis and clivus after tooth-borne and bone-borne rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"91","author":"Leonardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.718735\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]],"date-time":"2022-02-10T06:58:51Z","timestamp":1644476331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.718735\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2021.718735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.718735","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,10]]},"article-number":"718735"}}