{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:25:09Z","timestamp":1788888309363,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Studies have identified that MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C gene polymorphism is associated with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) susceptibility and steroid resistance, but the results remain inconclusive.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant studies published before 31 March 2021. Pooled data were reported as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Noteworthiness of significant OR was estimated by the false positive report probability (FPRP) test. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was used to control type I and type II errors.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> We selected seven case-control studies that included 1,026 INS children (362 were steroid-resistant NS and 564 were steroid-sensitive NS) and 870 controls. The results showed that MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C polymorphism was significantly associated with INS susceptibility in allelic, heterozygous and dominant genetic models (C vs. G: OR = 1.325, 95% CI: 1.011-1.738; GC vs. GG: OR = 1.540, 95% CI: 1.249-1.899; CC + GC vs. GG: OR = 1.507, 95% CI: 1.231-1.845), and FPRP test and TSA indicated that the associations were true in heterozygous and dominant models. The pooled results also revealed that MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C polymorphism was significantly associated with steroid resistance in allelic, homozygous and recessive models (C vs. G: OR = 1.707, 95% CI: 1.013-2.876; CC vs. GG: OR = 4.789, 95% CI: 2.109-10.877; CC vs. GC + GG: OR = 4.188, 95% CI: 1.831-9.578), but FPRP test indicated that all these associations were not noteworthy. Furthermore, TSA revealed that the non-significant associations between MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C polymorphism and steroid resistance in heterozygous and dominant models were potential false negative.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> This meta-analysis could draw a firm conclusion that MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C polymorphism was significantly associated with increased INS risk in heterozygous and dominant genetic models. MIF -173 G&amp;gt;C polymorphism was not likely to affect steroid responsiveness, but more studies were needed to confirm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.724258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,16]],"date-time":"2021-10-16T09:16:56Z","timestamp":1634375816000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association Between Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor -173 G&gt;C Gene Polymorphism and Childhood Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Daojing","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjie","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongjie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30536-1","article-title":"Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome in children","volume":"392","author":"Noone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.09.048","article-title":"Comprehensive review of steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome genetic risk loci and transcriptional regulation as a possible mechanistic link to disease risk","volume":"6","author":"Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Int Rep."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02790-w","article-title":"Prediction of steroid resistance and steroid dependence in nephrotic syndrome children","volume":"19","author":"Zaorska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.11.003","article-title":"Role of MIF and D-DT in immune-inflammatory, autoimmune, and chronic respiratory diseases: from pathogenic factors to therapeutic targets","volume":"24","author":"G\u00fcnther","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0238-2","article-title":"The immunobiology of MIF: function, genetics and prospects for precision medicine","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2014_1925","article-title":"Polymorphic variants of MIF gene and prognosis in steroid therapy in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"61","author":"\u015awierczewska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for the assessment of the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh075","article-title":"Assessing the probability that a positive report is false: an approach for molecular epidemiology studies","volume":"96","author":"Wacholder","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ii23","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfw219","article-title":"When is a meta-analysis conclusive? 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