{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T15:29:27Z","timestamp":1768404567118,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632700800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> The production of intestinal gases and fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by infant gut microbiota may have a significant impact on their health, but information about the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles in preterm infants is scarce.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold> This study examined the change of the composition and volume of intestinal gases and SCFA profiles produced by preterm infant gut microbiota <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> during the first 4 weeks of life.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold> Fecal samples were obtained at five time points (within 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, and 4 weeks) from 19 preterm infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University between May and July 2020. These samples were initially inoculated into four different media containing lactose (LAT), fructooligosaccharide (FOS), 2\u2032-fucosyllactose (FL-2), and galactooligosaccharide (GOS) and thereafter fermented for 24 h under conditions mimicking those of the large intestine at 37.8\u00b0C under anaerobic conditions. The volume of total intestinal gases and the concentrations of individual carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), hydrogen (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), methane (CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>), and hydrogen sulfide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S) were measured by a <jats:underline>g<\/jats:underline>as analyzer. The concentrations of total SCFAs, individual acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pentanoic acid, and valeric acid were measured by gas chromatography (GC).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The total volume of intestinal gases (ranging from 0.01 to 1.64 ml in medium with LAT; 0\u20131.42 ml with GOS; 0\u20130.91 ml with FOS; and 0\u20130.44 ml with FL-2) and the concentrations of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>S, and all six fecal SCFAs increased with age (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-trends &amp;lt; 0.05). Among them, CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was usually the predominant intestinal gas, and acetic acid was usually the predominant SCFA. When stratified by birth weight (&amp;lt;1,500 and \u22651,500 g), gender, and delivery mode, the concentration of CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> was more pronounced among infants whose weight was \u22651,500 g than among those whose weight was &amp;lt;1,500 g (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-trends &amp;lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> Our findings suggested that the intestinal gases and SCFAs produced by preterm infant gut microbiota <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> increased with age during the first 4 weeks of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.726193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]],"date-time":"2021-09-27T19:19:17Z","timestamp":1632770357000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Evolution of Intestinal Gases and Fecal Short-Chain Fatty Acids Produced in vitro by Preterm Infant Gut Microbiota During the First 4 Weeks of Life"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunyu","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huating","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guodong","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00036","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR","article-title":"The first microbial colonizers of the human gut: composition, activities, and health implications of the infant gut microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Christian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau5812","article-title":"The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health","volume":"362","author":"Christopher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-013-0356-y","article-title":"Gas and the microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Pimentel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1134082","article-title":"Formation of short chain fatty acids by the gut microbiota and their impact on human metabolism","volume":"7","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"2","article-title":"Intestinal gas production and gastrointestinal symptoms: from pathogenesis to clinical implication","volume":"17","author":"Scaldaferri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.02.002","article-title":"Kalantar-zadeh K. 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