{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:23:07Z","timestamp":1787026987269,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The estimated incidence of pediatric testis tumor is 0.5\u20132.0 per 100,000 children, accounting for 1\u20132% of all pediatric tumors. Mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT) in prepubertal males are exceedingly rare, with only one previous case report found in the literature. We report a case of a MGCT in an infant. For prepubertal males, GCTs typically present with a painless scrotal mass, though trauma, testis torsion and hydrocele are also common presentations. Similar to such tumors in postpubertal males, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and tumor markers are integral to determine the best treatment. The patient described in this report presented with a painless scrotal mass. Following orchiectomy, the patient was found to have MGCT that was limited to the testis. With prudent management, these patients tend to have favorable prognoses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.729917","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T01:59:00Z","timestamp":1630979940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Case Report: Rare Presentation of Mixed Germ Cell Tumor in an Infant"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Sriharsha","family":"Talluri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Goedde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Coventry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eran","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie L.","family":"Canalichio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"Peppas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Prepubertal testis tumors","volume":"6","author":"Ross","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev Urol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.2950220506","article-title":"Primary testicular and paratesticular tumors of childhood","volume":"22","author":"Coppes","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Pediatr Oncol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaps.JIAPS_87_18","article-title":"Testicular mixed germ cell tumor in a newborn child: a rare case","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2011.07.1422","article-title":"Clinical analysis of management of pediatric testicular germ cell tumors","volume":"79","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urology."},{"key":"B5","first-page":"216","article-title":"World Health Organization classification of tumours","author":"Eble","year":"2004"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4882","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.25454","article-title":"Trends in incidence and survival of pediatric and adolescent patients with germ cell tumors in the United States, 1975 to 2006","volume":"116","author":"Poynter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2691","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.015","article-title":"Randomized comparison of combination chemotherapy with etoposide, bleomycin, and either high-dose or standard-dose cisplatin in children and adolescents with high-risk malignant germ cell tumors: a pediatric intergroup study\u2013Pediatric Oncology Group 9049 and Children's Cancer Group 8882","volume":"22","author":"Cushing","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.02.029","article-title":"The 2016 WHO classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs-part a: renal, penile, and testicular tumours","volume":"70","author":"Moch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19890801)64:3<715::AID-CNCR2820640325>3.0.CO","article-title":"Intratubular germ cell neoplasia in testicular teratomas and epidermoid cysts. Correlation with prognosis and possible biologic significance","volume":"64","author":"Manivel","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2016.08.002","article-title":"Perspectives on testicular germ cell neoplasms","volume":"59","author":"Cheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(97)90027-7","article-title":"The prepubertal testis (prenatal and postnatal): its relationship to intratubular germ cell neoplasia: a combined Pediatric Oncology Group and Children's Cancer Study Group","volume":"28","author":"Hawkins","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum Pathol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000097383.09743.f9","article-title":"Pediatric testicular tumors: contemporary incidence and efficacy of testicular preserving surgery","volume-title":"J Urol.","author":"Metcalfe","year":"2003"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-020-00867-6","article-title":"Testicular tumours in children: an approach to diagnosis and management with pathologic correlation","volume":"11","author":"Sang\u00fcesa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.06.008","article-title":"Current urologic care for testicular germ cell tumors in pediatric and adolescent patients","volume":"34","author":"Grantham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Oncol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3109\/02841869209083865","article-title":"Cisplatinum dose dependent response in germ cell cancer evaluated by tumour marker modelling","volume":"31","author":"Carl","year":"1992","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)36080-9","article-title":"Testis sparing surgery for pediatric epidermoid cysts of the testis","volume":"149","author":"Ross","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199409000-00010","article-title":"Intratubular germ cell neoplasia (ITGCN) with p53 and PCNA expression and adjacent mature teratoma in an infant testis. An immunohistochemical and morphologic study with a review of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Renedo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2018.02.030","article-title":"Characteristics, treatment decisions and outcomes of prepubertal testicular germ cell tumor: a descriptive analysis from a large Chinese center","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1053\/jpsu.2003.50101","article-title":"Excellent outcome in patients with stage I germ cell tumors of the testes: a study of the Children's Cancer Group\/Pediatric Oncology Group","volume":"38","author":"Schlatter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.01.006","article-title":"Treatment of children and adolescents with stage II testicular and stages I and II ovarian malignant germ cell tumors: a Pediatric Intergroup Study\u2013Pediatric Oncology Group 9048 and Children's Cancer Group 8891","volume":"22","author":"Rogers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3490","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.6010","article-title":"Active surveillance is the preferred approach to clinical stage I testicular cancer","volume":"31","author":"Nichols","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)38072-2","article-title":"Adjuvant chemotherapy of metastatic stage II nonseminomatous testis tumor","volume":"146","author":"Weissbach","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Urol."},{"key":"B23","unstructured":"The role of retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy in clinical stage B testis cancer: the Indiana University experience (1965 to 1989)859\n            DonohueJP\n            ThornhillJA\n            FosterRS\n            BihrleR\n            RowlandRG\n            EinhornLH\n          10.1097\/00005392-199501000-000307966799J Urol.1531995"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.729917\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T01:59:06Z","timestamp":1630979946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.729917\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2021.729917"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.729917","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"article-number":"729917"}}