{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T23:25:23Z","timestamp":1768001123755,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold> Renal stones (nephrolithiasis and urolithiasis) and nephrocalcinosis are uncommon in children; however, their incidences in pediatric populations have been increasing.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:bold> This multicenter retrospective study compared the clinical presentation, etiology, and outcomes of childhood nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis with those of nephrocalcinosis.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> The study included 144 children: 93 with renal stones and 51 with nephrocalcinosis. The mean age at presentation was 72 months and 54 months for children with renal stones and nephrocalcinosis, respectively. A history of consanguinity was found in 65% and 76% of the cases of renal stones and nephrocalcinosis, respectively. Congenital anomalies of the kidneys and urinary tract (CAKUT) were present in 28 and 9.8% of the patients with renal stones and nephrocalcinosis, respectively. The most common symptoms of renal stones were flank pain (29%), hematuria (15%), and dysuria (11%). Urinary tract infection was the primary presentation in the nephrocalcinosis group (18%), followed by failure to thrive (16%), polyuria (12%), and dehydration (12%). The majority of renal stone cases were caused by metabolic disorders, including hyperoxaluria (18%), cystinuria (18%), hypercalciuria (12%), and hyperuricosuria (2%). In contrast, the most common underlying disorders in cases of nephrocalcinosis were familial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis (35%), distal renal tubular acidosis (23%), and Bartter syndrome (6%). Clinical outcomes were significantly better in children with nephrolithiasis\/urolithiasis than in those with nephrocalcinosis, who showed radiological evidence of worsening\/persistent calcinosis and progressed more frequently to chronic kidney disease (stage II-IV) and end-stage kidney disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold> The average age at presentation for children with renal stones was greater than that for those presenting with nephrocalcinosis. More than 25% of the children with renal stones were found to have CAKUT. Nephrocalcinosis was associated with worse clinical outcomes related to kidney function and disease resolution than nephrolithiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.736308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T11:03:35Z","timestamp":1642417415000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of Renal Stones and Nephrocalcinosis in Children: Findings From Two Tertiary Centers in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Alhasan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amr S.","family":"Albanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad-Hani","family":"Temsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Alhayek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed S.","family":"Abdalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Najlaa G.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nada M.","family":"Kalakattawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaher Faisal","family":"Zaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jameela A.","family":"Kari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.336","article-title":"Nephrocalcinosis and urolithiasis in children","volume":"80","author":"Habbig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00098","volume":"6","author":"Weigert Hoppe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2016.11.030","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness in the diagnosis and acute management of pediatric nephrolithiasis","volume":"36","author":"Van Batavia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Surg."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07610715","article-title":"Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in south carolina from 1997 to 2012","volume":"11","author":"Tasian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1231-9","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children","volume":"24","author":"Alpay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1007\/s40746-016-0046-8","article-title":"Pediatric kidney stones - 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