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PANDAS-related disorders, including pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS), childhood acute neuropsychiatric symptoms (CANS), and pediatric infection triggered autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders (PITANDs), have also been described. Since first defined in 1998, PANDAS has been considered a controversial diagnosis. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on PubMed and Scopus databases, searching for diagnostic criteria and diagnostic procedures of PANDAS and related disorders. We propose a test panel to support clinicians in the workout of PANDAS\/PANS patients establishing an appropriate treatment. However, further studies are needed to improve our knowledge on these acute-onset neuropsychiatric conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.746639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T16:31:08Z","timestamp":1635352268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Diagnostic Approach to Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated With Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS): A Narrative Review of Literature Data"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adriana","family":"Prato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Gulisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Scerbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Barone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelo M.","family":"Vicario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.264","article-title":"Paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections: clinical description of the first 50 cases","volume":"155","author":"Swedo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2010.0034","article-title":"Comparison of clinical characteristics of paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections and childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"20","author":"Bernstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.012","article-title":"Clinical factors associated with paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections","volume":"160","author":"Murphy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835461d3","article-title":"Streptococcus and rheumatic fever","volume":"24","author":"Cunningham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.146.2.246","article-title":"High prevalence of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in patients with Sydenham's chorea","volume":"146","author":"Swedo","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.158.9.848","article-title":"Does group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection increase risk for behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children?","volume":"158","author":"Perrin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adoles Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2017.1285941","article-title":"An expert opinion on PANDAS\/PANS: highlights and controversies","volume":"21","author":"Chiarello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxy145","article-title":"PANDAS\/PANS in childhood: controversies and evidence","volume":"2018","author":"Wilbur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0665.1000113","article-title":"From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (paediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome)","volume":"2","author":"Swedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Therapeut."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199503000-00015","article-title":"Case study: a new infection-triggered, autoimmune subtype of paediatric OCD and Tourette's syndrome","volume":"34","author":"Allen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adoles Psychiatry."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.11.040","article-title":"Moving from PANDAS to CANS","volume":"160","author":"Singer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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