{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T12:35:05Z","timestamp":1773578105840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacterial meningitis is one of the critical diseases that needs to be diagnosed and treated promptly. Recent diagnostics of high sensitivity and specificity rates, such as PCR, helped with such presentation, especially in cases with prior antibiotics that led to culture negativity. However, the time window of PCR positivity is not well-studied, with scattered reports of different periods of positivity. Here, we report a case of neonatal GBS meningitis with positive PCR for more than 80 days from starting antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.752235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:29:25Z","timestamp":1638318565000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Case Report: Prolonged CSF PCR Positivity in a Neonate With GBS Meningitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nourah","family":"Alruqaie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yara","family":"Falatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fawaz","family":"Alzahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Musaed","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.01.009","article-title":"An overview of global GBS epidemiology","volume":"31","author":"Le","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.05.039","article-title":"Group B Streptococcus neonatal invasive infections, France 2007\u20132012","volume":"21","author":"Joubrel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.11.056","article-title":"Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease: experience in the United States and implications for a potential group B streptococcal vaccine","volume":"31","author":"Schrag","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00043-09","article-title":"The era of molecular and other non-culture-based methods in diagnosis of sepsis","volume":"23","author":"Mancini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3109\/23744235.2015.1078907","article-title":"Time window for positive cerebrospinal fluid broad-range bacterial PCR and Streptococcus pneumoniae immunochromatographic test in acute bacterial meningitis","volume":"47","author":"Brink","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000190030.75892.78","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis: implications for treatment and measuring disease burden","volume":"24","author":"Saha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001551","article-title":"Enhanced identification of Group B Streptococcus and Escherichia coli in young infants with meningitis using the biofire filmarray meningitis\/encephalitis panel","volume":"36","author":"Arora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61808-X","article-title":"Progress and challenges in bacterial meningitis","volume":"380","author":"van","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet (London, England)."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00070-09","article-title":"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and antimicrobial treatment of acute bacterial meningitis","volume":"23","author":"Brouwer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F140","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.84.2.F140b","article-title":"Confirmed Group B Streptococcus infection: the tip of the iceberg","volume":"84","author":"Russell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dis Childhood Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/12.1.128","article-title":"Etiology and mortality of bacterial meningitis in northeastern Brazil","volume":"12","author":"Bryan","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(83)96980-3","article-title":"875 cases of bacterial meningitis: diagnostic procedures and the impact of preadmission antibiotic therapy Part III of a three-part series","volume":"7","author":"Bohr","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-4453(97)94255-9","article-title":"Copenhagen Meningitis Study Group. Acute meningococcal meningitis: analysis of features of the disease according to the age of 255 patients","volume":"34","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Infect."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1169","article-title":"Lumbar puncture in pediatric bacterial meningitis: defining the time interval for recovery of cerebrospinal fluid pathogens after parenteral antibiotic pretreatment","volume":"108","author":"Kanegaye","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.5.725","article-title":"Community-acquired purulent meningitis: a review of 1,316 cases during the antibiotic era, 1954-1976","volume":"2","author":"Geiseler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2009.075598","article-title":"Effect of delayed lumbar punctures on the diagnosis of acute bacterial meningitis in adults","volume":"27","author":"Michael","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Med J."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3275","article-title":"Effect of antibiotic pretreatment on cerebrospinal fluid profiles of children with bacterial meningitis","volume":"122","author":"Nigrovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/49.3.410","article-title":"Modification of laboratory results by partial treatment of bacterial meningitis","volume":"49","author":"Dalton","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040845","article-title":"Clinical features and prognostic factors in adults with bacterial meningitis","volume":"351","author":"Van","year":"2004","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197604000-00021","article-title":"Recent survey of infectious meningitis in adults: review of laboratory findings in bacterial, tuberculous, and aseptic meningitis","volume":"69","author":"Karandanis","year":"1976","journal-title":"South Med J."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.30.2.517-519.1992","article-title":"Minimum number of pneumococci required for capsular antigen to be detectable by latex agglutination","volume":"30","author":"Holloway","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007734","article-title":"Incidence of bacterial meningitis in Asia using enhanced CSF testing: polymerase chain reaction, latex agglutination and culture","volume":"135","author":"Kennedy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.65.6.1110","article-title":"Countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis in the evaluation of infants with group B streptococcal disease","volume":"65","author":"Baker","year":"1980","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"137","article-title":"Rapid etiological diagnosis of pyogenic meningitis by coagglutination, latex agglutination and immunoosmophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid, serum and urine","volume":"39","author":"Habte-Gabr","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.5.1.81-85.1977","article-title":"Detection of Haemophilus influenzae type b antigens in body fluids, using specific antibody-coated staphylococci","volume":"5","author":"Suksanong","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.9.1.28-32.1979","article-title":"Comparison of staphylococcal coagglutination, latex agglutination, and counterimmunoelectrophoresis for bacterial antigen detection","volume":"9","author":"Thirumoorthi","year":"1979","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(78)81174-3","article-title":"Detection of group B streptococcal antigens in body fluids of neonates","volume":"93","author":"Siegel","year":"1978","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199007000-00018","article-title":"Unusual presentation of group B Streptococcal ventriculitis","volume":"9","author":"Sokil","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2738","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.32.11.2738-2744.1994","article-title":"Detection of bacterial DNA in cerebrospinal fluid by an assay for simultaneous detection of Neisseria meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and streptococci using a seminested PCR strategy","volume":"32","author":"R\u00e5dstr\u00f6m","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.11.016","article-title":"Diagnostic test accuracy of the BioFire\u00ae FilmArray\u00ae meningitis\/encephalitis panel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Tansarli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2012.05.040","article-title":"Can broad-range 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene polymerase chain reactions improve the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"012","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1719163","article-title":"Diagnostic yield of multiplex PCR method in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of purulent meningitis in children","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Infect Dis."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2019.08.103","article-title":"Evaluation of the BioFire FilmArray meningitis\/encephalitis panel for the detection of bacteria and yeast in Chinese children","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-012-0108-7","article-title":"The application of multiplex PCR to detect seven different DNA targets in group B streptococci","volume":"57","author":"Gosiewski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-017-2938-3","article-title":"Group B streptococcal PCR testing in comparison to culture for diagnosis of late onset bacteraemia and meningitis in infants aged 7\u201390 days: a multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study","volume":"36","author":"Morrissey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-015-2496-5","article-title":"Real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture in the diagnosis of invasive group B streptococcal disease in infants: a retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Meehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0242628.?","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242628","article-title":"Enhanced identification of Group B Streptococcus in infants with suspected meningitis in Ethiopia","volume":"15","author":"Geteneh","year":"2020"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.752235\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T20:13:12Z","timestamp":1673899992000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2021.752235\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2021.752235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2021.752235","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"article-number":"752235"}}