{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T15:40:13Z","timestamp":1783957213071,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637884800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:bold>Purpose:<\/jats:bold> To evaluate the effectiveness of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for benign thyroid nodules in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:bold> Twelve pediatric patients (11 female, 1 male; mean age 15.54 \u00b1 2.8 years, range 10\u201319 years) with benign thyroid nodules (mean longest diameter 4.1 \u00b1 1.4 cm, range 1.5\u20135.9 cm) treated by RFA from 2017 to 2020 were evaluated. The inclusion criteria for RFA therapy were (i) age &amp;lt; 20 years; (ii) benign cytological confirmation by 2 separate ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) or core needle biopsies; (iii) pressure symptoms or cosmetic problems caused by thyroid nodules; (iv) absence of any sonographic suspicious feature; and (v) follow-up for &amp;gt;6 months. Under local anesthesia, RFA was performed with the use of an RF generator and an 18-gauge internally cooled electrode. Volume changes in nodules on follow-up ultrasonography (US), changes in symptomatic and cosmetic scores, and complications arising during or after RFA were evaluated.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold> Mean follow-up period was 24.9 \u00b1 13.9 months (range 6\u201343 months). At the last follow-up visits, volume of the nodule had decreased significantly (15.34 \u00b1 11.52 mL vs. 4.07 \u00b1 4.99 mL; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), whereas volume reduction rate was 74.31% \u00b1 19.59%. Both cosmetic and compressive symptoms were also significantly improved (2.91 \u00b1 0.79 vs. 0.92 \u00b1 0.67 and 1.5 \u00b1 1.93 vs. 0.17 \u00b1 0.39; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The mean number of ablation sessions was 1.4 \u00b1 0.6 (range 1\u20133 sessions), and one of the patients suffered from transient vocal cord palsy which was spontaneously resolved 53 days later.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:bold>Conclusions:<\/jats:bold> RFA is a safe and effective treatment for benign thyroid nodules in pediatric patients, and can thus serve as an alternative treatment for thyroidectomy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.753343","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T07:55:29Z","timestamp":1638345329000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Radiofrequency Ablation a Safe and Effective Treatment for Pediatric Benign Nodular Thyroid 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