{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:46:41Z","timestamp":1790452001486,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The acceptance of drug treatment for younger children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in China remains low. Here, we explored the clinical benefits of a non-pharmaceutical intervention method combining a group and executive function training and an online parent training program, termed group executive functioning and online parent training (GEF-OPT), for school-aged students with ADHD through a randomized controlled trial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 145 children (aged 6\u20138 years) were formally registered and randomized to the intervention group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 73) and waitlist group (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 72). The enrolled children received eight sessions of GEF-OPT treatment, which consists of a hospital-based children executive function (EF) training program and an online parent training program. Treatment outcome was assessed by a parent\/teacher report questionnaire and neurophysiological experiment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After eight sessions of intervention, children in the intervention group showed a significant improvement in inattentive symptom compared to the waitlist group (14.70 \u00b1 4.35 vs. 16.03 \u00b1 2.93; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.024), but an insignificant difference in hyperactive-impulsivity (9.85 \u00b1 5.30 vs. 10.69 \u00b1 5.10; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.913). Comorbid oppositional defiant disorder was significantly reduced in the intervention group (7.03 \u00b1 4.39 vs. 8.53 \u00b1 4.41; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.035). Children in the intervention group had greater reduction in the scores of behavioral regulation index (inhibition, emotional control) and metacognition index (working memory, planning\/organization, monitoring) in executive function than those in the waitlist group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Significant effects were also found in learning problem of Weiss Functional Impairment Scale\u2013Parent form and parental distress between two groups at post-treatment (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). In line with this, the result of go\/no-go task showed significant improvements in accuracy change (4.45 \u00b1 5.50% vs. 1.76 \u00b1 3.35%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001) and reaction time change (47.45 \u00b1 62.25 s vs. 16.19 \u00b1 72.22 s; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.007) in the intervention group compared with the waitlist group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conclude that participants in the GEF-OPT program improved outcomes for inattentive symptom, executive function, learning problems, and parental distress. GEF-OPT is a promising non-pharmaceutical therapeutic option for younger children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>ChiCTR2100052803.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.813305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,11]],"date-time":"2022-02-11T08:43:18Z","timestamp":1644568998000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Effects of Combing Group Executive Functioning and Online Parent Training on School-Aged Children With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled 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