{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T17:30:55Z","timestamp":1788370255211,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate manifestations of developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in children born preterm (PT), and to explore possible neonatal morbidities related to DDE manifestation and severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort study of 52 children born before gestational week 32 and treated in the neonatal intensive care unit; and 55 children born at full term (FT) as a control group. All the children had a dental examination at age 1\u20134 years by a professional pediatric dentist. DDE was defined as an alteration in the enamel surface.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>DDE were observed in 23 (44%) and 6 (11%) children, in the PT and FT groups, respectively, odds ratio (OR)\u2009=\u20096.47. The OR for damaged anterior teeth was 12.87 times higher in the PT group. DDE of molars was diagnosed in 19% and 11% of the respective groups. In the PT group, the OR of DDE was 4.1 higher among those with than without respiratory distress. The risk for DDE was 5.7 higher in those who received surfactant than in those who did not. Ventilation length, both invasive and non-invasive, was significantly related to DEE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>DDE was higher in children born PT than FT. The DDE rate was lower than expected based on current literature, and considering the overall increase in survival; this suggests improvement in treatments affecting DEE. Respiratory distress syndrome, surfactant administration reflecting the need for intubation, longer ventilation and local oral trauma were risk factors for DDE. We recommend routine dental examinations in follow up of children born PT, particularly those exposed to assisted ventilation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1019586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T10:15:50Z","timestamp":1665656150000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Developmental defects of enamel in children born preterm"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elinor","family":"Halperson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salome","family":"Shafir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avia","family":"Fux-Noy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smadar","family":"Eventov-Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.12.004","article-title":"Growth of low birth weight preterm children","volume":"32","author":"Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1700827","article-title":"Ventilation in extremely preterm infants and respiratory function at 8 years.victorian infant collaborative study group","volume":"377","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2009.01629.x","article-title":"Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for the development of enamel defects in low birth weight children","volume":"16","author":"Vello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-595X.1997.tb00783.x","article-title":"Clinical diagnosis of enamel defects: pitfalls and practical guidelines","volume":"47","author":"Seow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00102.x","article-title":"Effects of preterm birth on oral growth and development","volume":"42","author":"Seow","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572007000600012","article-title":"Prenatal and neonatal variables associated with enamel hypoplasia in deciduous teeth in low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"15","author":"Franco","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2000.290806.x","article-title":"Enamel defects in primary and permanent teeth of children born prematurely","volume":"29","author":"Aine","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80341-6","article-title":"Defective primary dentition in survivors of neonatal mechanical ventilation","volume":"96","author":"Moylan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"221","article-title":"Increased prevalence of developmental dental defects in low birthweight, prematurely born children: a controlled study","volume":"9","author":"Seow","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242006000400013","article-title":"Prevalence of dental caries in premature born children","volume":"17","author":"Fadavi","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345890680030201","article-title":"Modified DDE Index for use in epidemiological studies of enamel defects","volume":"68","author":"Clarkson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Med J of Dent Res"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12646","article-title":"Relationship between preterm birth and developmental defects of enamel: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Bensi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B13","first-page":"42","article-title":"Enamel hypoplasia and dental caries in very-low birth-weight children: a case-controlled, longitudinal study","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"171","article-title":"Enamel defects in the complete primary dentition of children born at term and preterm","volume":"33","author":"Takaoka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13011","article-title":"Developmental defects of enamel in the deciduous incisors of infants born preterm: prospective cohort","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira Cortines","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000480124","article-title":"Dental caries and developmental defects of enamel in the primary dentition of preterm infants: case-control observational study","volume":"52","author":"Sch\u00fcler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B17","first-page":"297","article-title":"Mineral deficiency in the pathogenesis of enamel hypoplasia in prematurely born, very low birthweight children","volume":"11","author":"Seow","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B18","first-page":"40","article-title":"Developmental enamel defects and dental caries in the primary dentition of preterm children","volume":"15","author":"Feuser","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dent Child"},{"key":"B19","first-page":"28","article-title":"Developmental defects in the primary dentition of low birth-weight infants: adverse effects of laryngoscopy and prolonged endotracheal intubation","volume":"6","author":"Seow","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.203","article-title":"Evolution of surfactant therapy for respiratory distress syndrome: past, present, and future","volume":"81","author":"Sardesai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03682-9","article-title":"Minimally invasive surfactant therapy versus InSurE in preterm neonates of 28 to 34 weeks with respiratory distress syndrome on non-invasive positive pressure ventilation-a randomized controlled trial","volume":"179","author":"Kumar Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000501029","article-title":"Risk of dental caries in primary teeth with developmental defects of enamel: a longitudinal study with a multilevel approach","volume":"10","author":"Paix\u00e3o-Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"B23","first-page":"374","article-title":"A study of primary dental enamel from preterm and full-term children using light and scanning electron microscopy","volume":"27","author":"Seow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.1019586\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T10:16:05Z","timestamp":1665656165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.1019586\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"references-count":23,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.1019586"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.1019586","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]]},"article-number":"1019586"}}