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Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fecal incontinence (FI) is a commonly occurring disease of high concern. It is characterized by voluntary and involuntary defecation in children and adolescents. It is not only a physical disease but also a psychological and behavioral disorder. FI poses a serious burden on individuals and their families and therefore has become a social problem. Unfortunately, the management of FI among children is still a challenge because the etiology varies widely. Constipation has been found to be the most common cause, while sphincter dysfunction and neurogenic abnormalities may also play a role. Currently, no consensus guidelines exist, and the criteria for selecting optional methods remain unclear. It is therefore necessary to improve the efficacy of diagnosis and management strategies of FI in children. This review focused on the classification and etiology, discussed the diagnosis and management methods of FI in children and adolescents, and aimed to guide future studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1034240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T05:56:08Z","timestamp":1666072568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence in children and adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Zhe-Ying","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Zuo","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3243-6","article-title":"The problem of defecation disorders in children is underestimated and easily goes unrecognized: a cross-sectional study","volume":"178","author":"Timmerman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1773","article-title":"Psychological differences between children with and without soiling problems","volume":"117","author":"Joinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.029","article-title":"Prevalence of functional defecation disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"198","author":"Koppen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2021.24.2.145","article-title":"Assessment of quality of life and functional outcomes of operated cases of hirschsprung disease in a developing country","volume":"24","author":"Loganathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003056","article-title":"Functional fecal incontinence in children: epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, and management","volume":"72","author":"Rajindrajith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2017.08.023","article-title":"Surgical interventions and the use of device-aided therapy for the treatment of fecal incontinence and defecatory disorders","volume":"15","author":"Bharucha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.063","article-title":"Childhood functional gastrointestinal disorders: child\/adolescent","volume":"130","author":"Rasquin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2015.09.008","article-title":"Management of functional nonretentive fecal incontinence in children: recommendations from the international children\u2019s continence society","volume":"12","author":"Koppen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Urol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081669","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Mosiello","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000001348","article-title":"Anorectal disorders: an update","volume":"54","author":"Rao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Fecal incontinence","author":"Shah","year":"2021"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.20529.1","article-title":"Neurogenic bowel dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Emmanuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2019.09.016","article-title":"Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Korean children with down syndrome and parental quality of life","volume":"49","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nurs"},{"key":"B14","first-page":"415","article-title":"Constipation and fecal incontinence in children with cerebral palsy. 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