{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T18:39:15Z","timestamp":1793039955867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2701802"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2701802"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071868"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071868"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>We aimed to investigate the immunological mechanisms of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways in different types of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. We retrospectively summarized the clinical data, routine laboratory tests and the immunological function of the infectious mononucleosis (IM) and chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV) patients. A real-time quantitative PCR array was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of TLR7\/TLR9 and myeloid-differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). Flow cytometry was used to detect the protein expression of TLR7\/TLR9. The MyD88 and nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) (p65) protein were detected by western blotting. A cytometric bead array (CBA) assay was used to detect the expression of downstream cytokines. CAEBV patients presented with increased expression of TLR7\/TLR9 in monocytes and B lymphocytes. TLR9 expression in the B lymphocytes of IM patients was decreased compared with the CAEBV pateints. Downstream signaling mediators, including MyD88 and NF-\u03baB, were revealed to be increased in EBV-infected patients. Moreover, the expression of MyD88 and NF-\u03baB was higher in CAEBV patients, leading to disrupted balance of downstream cytokines. EBV may activate the immune system <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> TLR7\/TLR9 signaling pathways. Moreover, the overactivated TLR7\/TLR9 pathway in CAEBV patients resulted in excessive inflammation, which might be relevant to the poor prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1091571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T09:13:14Z","timestamp":1671613994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Increased expression of the TLR7\/9 signaling pathways in chronic active EBV 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