{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T22:59:37Z","timestamp":1790895577482,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1669766400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vascular anomalies of the pediatric orbit represent a heterogeneous group that include both vascular tumors and vascular malformations. The disorder may initially be silent and then associated with symptoms and\/or function damage, depending on the type of vascular anomaly and its extension. Vascular tumors include benign, locally aggressive (or borderline) and malignant forms while vascular malformations are divided into \u201csimple\u201d, \u201ccombined\u201d and syndromic, or \u201clow flow\u201d or \u201chigh flow\u201d. Both entities can arise in isolation or as part of syndromes. In this review, we describe the imaging findings of the vascular lesions of the orbit in the pediatric population, which are key to obtain a correct diagnosis and to guide the appropriate treatment in the light of the new genetic and molecular discoveries, and the role of the radiologist in their multidisciplinary management. We will also touch upon the main syndromes associated with orbital vascular abnormalities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.734286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T01:06:37Z","timestamp":1669770397000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Vascular lesions of the pediatric orbit: A radiological walkthrough"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Giovanna Stefania","family":"Colafati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Piccirilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Marrazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Carboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Diociaiuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"May","family":"El Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Zama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Rollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Gandolfo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Tom\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1997.tb02522.x","article-title":"Classification and management of the various superficial vascular anomalies: hemangiomas and vascular malformations","volume":"24","author":"Enjolras","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2005.03.001","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the orbit in children","volume":"15","author":"Bilaniuk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clinics"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.730393","article-title":"Vascular birthmarks as a clue for complex and syndromic vascular anomalies","volume":"9","author":"Diociaiuti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-021-04968-2","article-title":"Vascular anomalies of the head and neck: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"51","author":"Bertino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002029","article-title":"Orbital vascular anomalies: a nomenclatorial, etiological, and nosologic conundrum","volume":"38","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2014.06.016","article-title":"ISSVA Classification","volume":"23","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.1997.16.1.39","article-title":"Sonographic features of head and neck hemangiomas and vascular malformations: review of 23 patients","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.315105213","article-title":"MR Imaging of soft-tissue vascular malformations: diagnosis, classification, and therapy follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Flors","year":"2011","journal-title":"RadioGraphics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573023","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.573023","article-title":"Childhood vascular tumors","volume":"8","author":"Hinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.281075040","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the orbit: more than meets the eye","volume":"28","author":"Smoker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nic.2011.05.007","article-title":"Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the head and neck: a simplified approach","volume":"21","author":"Baer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuroimaging Clin N Am"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2004.10.001","article-title":"Current management of hemangiomas and vascular malformations","volume":"32","author":"Marler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.1140070","article-title":"Head and neck vascular anomalies in the pediatric population","volume":"4","author":"Baer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurographics"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-019-4404-x","article-title":"Update infantile h\u00e4mangiome infantile haemangioma: an update","volume":"70","author":"Reimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Der Hautarzt"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0718-6","article-title":"Vascular tumors in infants and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Wildgruber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"3582","article-title":"Non-Involuting congenital hemangioma presenting as an orbital mass in a newborn","volume":"48","author":"Westerfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-200106000-00002","article-title":"Noninvoluting congenital hemangioma: a rare cutaneous vascular anomaly","volume":"107","author":"Enjolras","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2013.09.018","article-title":"Partially involuting congenital hemangiomas: a report of 8 cases and review of the literature","volume":"70","author":"Nasseri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1621-y","article-title":"Vascular anomalies: what a radiologist needs to know","volume":"40","author":"Dubois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.171.1.9648798","article-title":"Soft-tissue hemangiomas in infants and children: diagnosis using Doppler sonography","volume":"171","author":"Dubois","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.03.026","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of orbital space-occupying lesions","volume":"72","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1002\/jum.15636","article-title":"Differentiation of malignant and benign orbital space-occupying lesions using contrast-enhanced ultrasound: added value from a time-intensity curve-based quantitative analysis","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.31189","article-title":"A prospective study of PHACE syndrome in infantile hemangiomas: demographic features, clinical findings, and complications","volume":"140","author":"Metry","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet A"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.132.3.307","article-title":"PHACE Syndrome. The association of posterior fossa brain malformations, hemangiomas, arterial anomalies, coarctation of the aorta and cardiac defects, and eye abnormalities","volume":"132","author":"Frieden","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.20.23488","article-title":"PHACES Syndrome and associated anomalies: risk associated with small and large facial hemangiomas","volume":"217","author":"Proisy","year":"2021","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2206","article-title":"Cervical and intracranial arterial anomalies in 70 patients with PHACE syndrome","volume":"31","author":"Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.07.054","article-title":"PHACE Syndrome: consensus-derived diagnosis and care recommendations","volume":"178","author":"Garzon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s002340050767","article-title":"Intracranial contrast-enhancing masses in infants with capillary haemangioma of the head and neck: intracranial capillary haemangioma?","volume":"41","author":"Tortori-Donati","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20120508-04","article-title":"Orbital kaposiform hemangioendothelioma","volume":"49","author":"Gelston","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2016.06.010","article-title":"GNA14 somatic mutation causes congenital and sporadic vascular tumors by MAPK activation","volume":"99","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00113.x","article-title":"Tufted angiomas: variability of the clinical morphology","volume":"19","author":"Herron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2002.00112.x","article-title":"Tufted angioma: a report of five cases","volume":"19","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.135","article-title":"Clinical spectrum of tufted angiomas in childhood: a report of 13 cases and a review of the literature","volume":"146","author":"Osio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-019-0818-3","article-title":"Vascular lesions of the head and neck: an update on classification and imaging review","volume":"11","author":"Brahmbhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00106-017-0375-3","article-title":"Tufted angiomas of the head and neck","volume":"66","author":"H\u00e4u\u00dfler","year":"2018","journal-title":"HNO"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310596","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/310596","article-title":"Thrombotic microangiopathies","volume":"2012","author":"Radhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Hematol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2016150197","article-title":"2014 Revised classification of vascular lesions from the international society for the study of vascular anomalies: radiologic-pathologic update","volume":"36","author":"Merrow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.03.080","article-title":"Consensus-derived practice standards plan for complicated kaposiform hemangioendothelioma","volume":"163","author":"Drolet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ro.2019.06.004","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of extracranial vascular malformations in children: arteriovenous malformations, venous malformations, and lymphatic malformations","volume":"54","author":"Hawkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Roentgenol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198203000-00002","article-title":"Hemangiomas and vascular malformations in infants and children: a classification based on endothelial characteristics","volume":"69","author":"Mulliken","year":"1982","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.07.049","article-title":"Clinical and genetic aspects of the segmental overgrowth spectrum due to somatic mutations in PIK3CA","volume":"167","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2007.09.008","article-title":"PI3K\/PTEN signaling in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"1784","author":"Jiang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1076\/orbi.22.2.103.14311","article-title":"Vascular malformations of the orbit: hemodynamic concepts","volume":"22","author":"Rootman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Orbit"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2006.02.011","article-title":"Cervicofacial vascular anomalies. II. Vascular malformations","volume":"15","author":"Elluru","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2021.04.013","article-title":"Consensus statement for the management and treatment of sturge-weber syndrome: neurology, neuroimaging, and ophthalmology recommendations","volume":"121","author":"Sabeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1213507","article-title":"Sturge-weber syndrome and port-wine stains caused by somatic mutation in GNAQ","volume":"368","author":"Shirley","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-016-9538-1","article-title":"A somatic GNA11 mutation is associated with extremity capillary malformation and overgrowth","volume":"20","author":"Couto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.10.019","article-title":"GNA11 Mutation as a cause of sturge-weber syndrome: expansion of the phenotypic Spectrum of G\u03b1\/11 mosaicism and the associated clinical diagnoses","volume":"140","author":"Polubothu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2243","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20092243","article-title":"The pathogenesis of port wine stain and sturge weber syndrome: complex interactions between genetic alterations and aberrant MAPK and PI3K activation","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00051","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in angiogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Karar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"key":"B51","article-title":"Capillary malformation-arteriovenous malformation syndrome","volume-title":"Genereviews\u00ae","author":"Bayrak-Toydemir","year":"1993"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2003.12.015","article-title":"Sturge-Weber syndrome: a review","volume":"30","author":"Thomas-Sohl","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-011-1514-1","article-title":"Low flow vascular malformations of the head and neck: a study on brightness mode, color coded duplex and spectral Doppler sonography","volume":"268","author":"Eivazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2008.02.008","article-title":"Venous malformations: classification, development, diagnosis, and interventional radiologic management","volume":"46","author":"Legiehn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0623-2","article-title":"Classification and treatment of orbital venous malformations: an updated review","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"B56","first-page":"1","article-title":"Craniofacial and cervical vascular malformations","volume-title":"Pediatric neuroradiology","author":"Cruz","year":"2015"},{"key":"B57","first-page":"299","article-title":"Enophthalmos caused by an orbital venous malformation","volume":"15","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med J"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.212.3.r99au11841","article-title":"Soft-tissue venous malformations in pediatric and young adult patients: diagnosis with Doppler US","volume":"212","author":"Trop","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29704-0","volume-title":"Vascular lesions of the orbit and face: Imaging and management","author":"Yen","year":"2016"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-015-0443-8","article-title":"Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging","volume":"7","author":"Purohit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.1039","article-title":"Lymphatic malformations of the head and neck: a retrospective review and a support for staging","volume":"23","author":"Hamoir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Head Neck"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181abb249","article-title":"Treatment of lymphatic malformations with OK-432 (picibanil): review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Poldervaart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2018.09.009","article-title":"Vascular malformations of the orbit (lymphatic, venous, arteriovenous): diagnosis, management and results","volume":"47","author":"Colletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s40477-018-0342-1","article-title":"Classification and ultrasound findings of vascular anomalies in pediatric age: the essential","volume":"22","author":"Esposito","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Ultrasound"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2014.05.005","article-title":"Imaging of lumps and bumps in pediatric patients: an algorithm for appropriate imaging and pictorial review","volume":"35","author":"Morrow","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Ultrasound CT MR"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2004.03.005","article-title":"Head and neck imaging: by P. M. Som and H. D. Curtin. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby, 2003. \u00a3320.00. Including a two CD-ROM set","volume":"59","author":"Jenkins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181d18070","article-title":"Extracranial arteriovenous malformations: natural progression and recurrence after treatment","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604299","article-title":"New treatment approaches to arteriovenous malformations","volume":"34","author":"Gilbert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1148\/radiographics.21.6.g01nv031519","article-title":"Soft-tissue venous malformations in adult patients: imaging and therapeutic issues","volume":"21","author":"Dubois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.04.009","article-title":"Current concepts in the classification, diagnosis and treatment of vascular anomalies","volume":"75","author":"Ernemann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-016-3277-x","article-title":"Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS): a spectrum disorder of craniofacial vascular malformations","volume":"33","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Childs Nerv Syst"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4773(95)00428-9","article-title":"The angiogenic potentials of the cephalic mesoderm and the origin of brain and head blood vessels","volume":"53","author":"Couly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mech Dev"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1161\/01.res.82.2.221","article-title":"Neural crest cell contribution to the developing circulatory system: implications for vascular morphology?","volume":"82","author":"Bergwerff","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/337424a0","article-title":"Segmental patterns of neuronal development in the chick hindbrain","volume":"337","author":"Lumsden","year":"1989","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/159101990100700101","article-title":"Wyburn-Mason or Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc as cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndromes (CAMS)","volume":"7","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2001","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/159101999800400405","article-title":"Multiple intracranial arterial aneurysms: a congenital metameric disease? Review of 113 consecutive patients with 280 AA","volume":"4","author":"Campos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.3117","article-title":"Orbital lesions: differentiating vascular and nonvascular etiologic factors","volume":"190","author":"Poon","year":"2008","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.10091956","article-title":"Indeterminate orbital masses: restricted diffusion at MR imaging with echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging predicts malignancy","volume":"256","author":"Sepahdari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3619","article-title":"Diffusion-Weighted imaging of orbital masses: multi-institutional data support a 2-ADC threshold model to categorize lesions as benign, malignant, or indeterminate","volume":"35","author":"Sepahdari","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020218","article-title":"Congenital craniofacial plexiform neurofibroma in neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"11","author":"Cacchione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-52902-2.00053-9","article-title":"Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1): diagnosis and management","volume":"115","author":"Ferner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W99","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.11.7811","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations of neurofibromatosis type 1","volume":"199","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.07.2589","article-title":"Imaging appearance of diffuse neurofibroma","volume":"190","author":"Hassell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc0708819","article-title":"Propranolol for severe hemangiomas of infancy","volume":"358","author":"Christine","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/1591019920972514","article-title":"Bleomycin for orbital and peri-orbital veno-lymphatic malformations \u2013 A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Faiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Interv Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s00270-018-2128-4","article-title":"Image-guided percutaneous bleomycin and bevacizumab sclerotherapy of orbital lymphatic malformations in children","volume":"42","author":"Abdelaziz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001870","article-title":"Low-dose bleomycin injections for orbital lymphatic and lymphatic-venous malformations: a multicentric case series study","volume":"37","author":"Prat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1604296","article-title":"Vascular anomalies caused by abnormal signaling within endothelial cells: targets for novel therapies","volume":"34","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Intervent Radiol"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI98589","article-title":"Mosaic RAS\/MAPK variants cause sporadic vascular malformations which respond to targeted therapy","volume":"128","author":"Al-Olabi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI76004","article-title":"Rapamycin improves TIE2-mutated venous malformation in murine model and human subjects","volume":"125","author":"Boscolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-018-0934-z","article-title":"Sirolimus is efficacious in treatment for extensive and\/or complex slow-flow vascular malformations: a monocentric prospective phase II study","volume":"13","author":"Hammer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000001518","article-title":"The use of sirolimus for treatment of orbital lymphatic malformations: a systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Shoji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.10.001","article-title":"Theranostic advances in vascular malformations","volume":"140","author":"Dekeuleneer","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"B94","first-page":"1","article-title":"Vascular anomalies guidelines by the Italian society for the study of vascular anomalies (SISAV)","volume":"34","author":"Stillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-26398-5_25","article-title":"Brain sonography","volume-title":"Pediatric neuroradiology: Brain","author":"Tom\u00e0","year":"2005"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577452","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.577452","article-title":"Diagnostic imaging methods and comparative analysis of orbital cavernous hemangioma","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050183","article-title":"MR Anatomy and small lesions of the eye: improved delineation with a special surface coil","volume":"7","author":"Hosten","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.26684","article-title":"Sonographic screening for wilms tumor in children with CLOVES syndrome","volume":"64","author":"Peterman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Blood Cancer"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.c.30064","article-title":"Risk of tumorigenesis in overgrowth syndromes: a comprehensive review","author":"Lapunzina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579591","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.579591","article-title":"A primer on a comprehensive genetic approach to vascular anomalies","volume":"8","author":"Borst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.734286\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]],"date-time":"2022-11-30T01:06:47Z","timestamp":1669770407000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.734286\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.734286"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.734286","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,30]]},"article-number":"734286"}}