{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:51:59Z","timestamp":1785768719901,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to conduct an in-depth investigation of the learning framework used for deriving diagnostic results of temporal bone diseases, including cholesteatoma and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). In addition, middle ear inflammation (MEI) was diagnosed by CT scanning of the temporal bone in pediatric patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 119 patients were included in this retrospective study; among them, 40 patients had MEI, 38 patients had histology-proven cholesteatoma, and 41 patients had histology-proven LCH of the temporal bone. Each of the 119 patients was matched with one-third of the disease labels. The study included otologists and radiologists, and the reference criteria were histopathology results (70% of cases for training and 30% of cases for validation). A multilayer perceptron artificial neural network (VGG16_BN) was employed and classified, based on radiometrics. This framework structure was compared and analyzed by clinical experts according to CT images and performance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The deep learning framework results vs. a physician\u2019s diagnosis, respectively, in multiclassification tasks, were as follows. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) (cholesteatoma): (0.98 vs. 0.91), LCH (0.99 vs. 0.98), and MEI (0.99 vs. 0.85). Accuracy (cholesteatoma): (0.99 vs. 0.89), LCH (0.99 vs. 0.97), and MEI (0.99 vs. 0.89). Sensitivity (cholesteatoma): (0.96 vs. 0.97), LCH (0.99 vs. 0.98), and MEI (1 vs. 0.69). Specificity (cholesteatoma): (1 vs. 0.89), LCH (0.99 vs. 0.97), and MEI (0.99 vs. 0.89).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article presents a research and learning framework for the diagnosis of cholesteatoma, MEI, and temporal bone LCH in children, based on CT scans. The research framework performed better than the clinical experts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.809523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]],"date-time":"2022-08-09T06:50:45Z","timestamp":1660027845000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["An in-depth discussion of cholesteatoma, middle ear Inflammation, and langerhans cell histiocytosis of the temporal bone, based on diagnostic results"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Xia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhong-Wei","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Min","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894021110S304","article-title":"Recent advances in otitis media. 1. 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