{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:18:26Z","timestamp":1784733506445,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) is a rare and irreversible chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with no specific treatment, especially for patients with PIBO in remission. In this study, we evaluated the effects of continuous inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) and intermittent ICSs on lung function in the remission of PIBO.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a retrospective study, and all the subjects we included were divided into continuous ICS group and intermittent ICS group according to treatment regimens. Patients in continuous ICS group received continuous ICSs (2 times a day), and patients in intermittent ICS group received intermittent ICSs (inhaled corticosteroids after acute respiratory tract infection or wheezing). Different lung function tests were performed at different ages. Tidal breathing lung function tests were performed in patients with PIBO aged \u2264 5 years, and the lung ventilation function test and the bronchial dilation test were performed in patients with PIBO aged more than 5 years. Lung function was assessed at the beginning of follow-up and at the end of follow-up (1 year of ICSs).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After 1 year of ICSs, patients aged more than 5 years, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>) were significantly higher than at the beginning of follow-up. After 1 year of ICSs, the difference in V<jats:sub>T<\/jats:sub>\/Kg, TPTEF\/TE, and VPEF\/VE between the end and the beginning of follow-up in continuous ICS group shows an upward trend. But those showed a downward trend in intermittent ICS group. FVC, FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>, and maximal mid-expiratory flow velocity 25\u201375% (MMEF<jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>) of continuous ICS group were significantly higher than at the beginning of follow-up. The difference in FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>and MMEF<jats:sub>25\u201375%<\/jats:sub>between the end of follow-up and the beginning of follow-up in continuous ICS group was significantly higher than that in intermittent ICS group. A total of 52.94% of patients with PIBO aged more than 5 years were positive for bronchial dilation tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inhaled corticosteroids can effectively improve lung function and relieve airway obstruction in patients aged more than 5 years in PIBO remission, especially continuous ICSs. Patients with PIBO may have reversible airflow limitations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.827508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]],"date-time":"2022-05-10T08:17:00Z","timestamp":1652170620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of Inhaled Corticosteroids on Lung Function in Children With Post-infectious Bronchiolitis Obliterans in Remission"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Haoqi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20145","article-title":"Bronchiolitis obliterans in children.","volume":"39","author":"Kurland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20140478","article-title":"Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: CT features that predict responsiveness to pulse methylprednisolone.","volume":"88","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2418","article-title":"Clinical features of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children undergoing long-term azithromycin treatment.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-014-0128-2","article-title":"Follow-up on pediatric patients with bronchiolitis obliterans treated with corticosteroid pulse therapy.","volume":"9","author":"Tomikawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-238","article-title":"Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: a review of 42 cases.","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23157","article-title":"Efficacy of pulse methylprednisolone in a pediatric case of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"50","author":"Tanou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulm."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.11.019","article-title":"Extrinsic lactose fines improve dry powder inhaler formulation performance of a cohesive batch of budesonide via agglomerate formation and consequential co-deposition.","volume":"478","author":"Kinnunen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Pharm."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-018-0193-z","article-title":"Clinical features of postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children undergoing long-term nebulization treatment.","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J Pediatr."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.8983","article-title":"Therapeutic effect of budesonide, montelukast and azithromycin on post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children.","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2010.07.005","article-title":"Post infectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children.","volume":"11","author":"Fischer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24221","article-title":"Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"54","author":"Colom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B12","first-page":"167","article-title":"Guidelines for diagnosis and prevention of bronchial asthma in children (2016 edition).","volume":"54","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chin J Pediatr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-36","article-title":"Differences in tidal breathing between infants with chronic lung diseases and healthy controls.","volume":"5","author":"Schmalisch","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22656","article-title":"New reference equations to improve interpretation of infant lung function.","volume":"48","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X19840357","article-title":"Pulmonary function testing in pediatric pneumonia patients with wheezing younger than 3 years of age.","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Health."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20784","article-title":"Airway inflammation and lung function decline in childhood post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"43","author":"Cazzato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2966","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25547","article-title":"Long-term course of bronchial inflammation and pulmonary function testing in children with postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"56","author":"Jerkic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.06-0188","article-title":"Bronchoalveolar cellularity and interleukin-8 levels in measles bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"131","author":"Koh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S187","DOI":"10.2223\/jped.897","article-title":"[Respiratory sequelae of viral diseases: from diagnosis to treatment].","volume":"78","author":"Teper","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)."},{"key":"B20","first-page":"12","article-title":"Effect of inhaled budesonide solution on bronchiolitis obliterans in children.","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Pharm."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.165854","article-title":"Pre-operative pulmonary evaluation in the patient with suspected respiratory disease.","volume":"59","author":"Bevacqua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5852827","article-title":"Postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans in children: diagnostic workup and therapeutic options: a workshop report.","volume":"2020","author":"Jerkic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can Respir J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.22775","article-title":"Obliterative lower airway lesions in childhood: bronchoscopic diagnosis and clinical spectrum.","volume":"49","author":"Quizon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S82509","article-title":"Small airway dysfunction and flow and volume bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.","volume":"10","author":"Pisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201107-1348OC","article-title":"Alveolarization continues during childhood and adolescence: new evidence from helium-3 magnetic resonance.","volume":"185","author":"Narayanan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-37562015000000065","article-title":"Evaluating bronchodilator response in pediatric patients with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: use of different criteria for identifying airway reversibility.","volume":"42","author":"Mattiello","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20472","article-title":"Adenovirus pneumonia in infants and factors for developing bronchiolitis obliterans: a 5-year follow-up.","volume":"41","author":"Castro-Rodriguez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-3713\/e20190060","article-title":"Clinical, functional, and cytological evaluation of sputum in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans: a possible overlap with asthma?","volume":"45","author":"Maia","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bras Pneumol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25166","article-title":"Childhood bronchiolitis obliterans in Hong Kong-case series over a 20-year period.","volume":"56","author":"Chan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulm."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00019605","article-title":"Methacholine and adenosine 5\u2019-monophosphate challenges in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans.","volume":"27","author":"Yoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Respir J."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S84151","article-title":"Pharmacologic rationale underlying the therapeutic effects of tiotropium\/olodaterol in COPD.","volume":"11","author":"Pelaia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.827508\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T08:42:11Z","timestamp":1700556131000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.827508\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.827508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.827508","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,10]]},"article-number":"827508"}}