{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:22:56Z","timestamp":1790724176356,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide an overview and critical appraisal of prediction models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm infants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies (up to November 2021). We included studies that reported prediction model development and\/or validation of BPD in preterm infants born at \u226432 weeks and\/or \u22641,500 g birth weight. We extracted the data independently based on the CHecklist for critical Appraisal and data extraction for systematic Reviews of prediction Modelling Studies (CHARMS). We assessed risk of bias and applicability independently using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty-one prediction models from 13 studies reporting on model development and 21 models from 10 studies reporting on external validation were included. Oxygen dependency at 36 weeks\u2019 postmenstrual age was the most frequently reported outcome in both development studies (71%) and validation studies (81%). The most frequently used predictors in the models were birth weight (67%), gestational age (62%), and sex (52%). Nearly all included studies had high risk of bias, most often due to inadequate analysis. Small sample sizes and insufficient event patients were common in both study types. Missing data were often not reported or were discarded. Most studies reported on the models\u2019 discrimination, while calibration was seldom assessed (development, 19%; validation, 10%). Internal validation was lacking in 69% of development studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The included studies had many methodological shortcomings. Future work should focus on following the recommended approaches for developing and validating BPD prediction models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.856159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T07:53:43Z","timestamp":1652342023000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Prediction Models for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hai-Bo","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Li","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"You","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Chao","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhang-Bin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244","article-title":"Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993-2012.","volume":"314","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F208","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-312748","article-title":"Survival of very preterm infants admitted to neonatal care in England 2008-2014: time trends and regional variation.","volume":"103","author":"Santhakumaran","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e219382","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.9382","article-title":"Mortality and morbidity of infants born extremely preterm at tertiary medical centers in China from 2010 to 2019.","volume":"4","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2019.08.020","article-title":"Trends in outcomes for neonates born very preterm and very low birth weight in 11 high-income countries.","volume":"215","author":"Lui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.124","article-title":"Respiratory morbidity, lung function and fitness assessment after bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"35","author":"Praprotnik","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20172719","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2719","article-title":"Cognitive development and quality of life associated with BPD in 10-year-olds born preterm.","volume":"141","author":"Sriram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.07.045","article-title":"Pulmonary outcome in former preterm, very low birth weight children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a case-control follow-up at school age.","volume":"164","author":"Vom","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.23093","article-title":"Lung function in adult survivors of very low birth weight, with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"50","author":"Gibson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-207","article-title":"Clinical prediction models for bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a systematic review and external validation study.","volume":"13","author":"Onland","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001744","article-title":"Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist.","volume":"11","author":"Moons","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W1","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-1377","article-title":"PROBAST: a tool to assess risk of bias and applicability of prediction model studies: explanation and elaboration.","volume":"170","author":"Moons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews.","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.12126","article-title":"Discrimination and calibration of clinical prediction models: users\u2019 guides to the medical literature.","volume":"318","author":"Alba","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.14136","article-title":"Antenatal prediction models for short- and medium-term outcomes in preterm infants.","volume":"100","author":"Ushida","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e81","article-title":"The prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very low birth weight infants through clinical indicators within 1 hour of delivery.","volume":"36","author":"Shim","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15438","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia predicted at birth by artificial intelligence.","volume":"110","author":"Verder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04045-8","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: a predictive scoring system for very low birth weight infants. A diagnostic accuracy study with prospective data collection.","volume":"180","author":"El Faleh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1858277","article-title":"Predicting outcomes of mechanically ventilated premature infants using respiratory severity score.","author":"Bhattacharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0430-x","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: risk prediction models for very-low- birth-weight infants.","volume":"39","author":"Valenzuela-Stutman","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1159\/000500270","article-title":"The clinical risk index fores II for Prediction of time-dependent mortality and short-term morbidities in very low birth weight infants.","volume":"116","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1654712","article-title":"Early pulse oximetry data improves prediction of death and adverse outcomes in a two-center cohort of very low birth weight infants.","volume":"35","author":"Sullivan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00099","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00099-2017","article-title":"Ventilator flow data predict bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely premature neonates.","volume":"4","author":"Bentsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.042","article-title":"Early heart rate characteristics predict death and morbidities in preterm infants.","volume":"174","author":"Sullivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1393935","article-title":"A clinical scoring system to predict the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"32","author":"Gursoy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736536","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/736536","article-title":"A comparison of KL-6 and Clara cell protein as markers for predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants.","volume":"2014","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis Markers."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog16292014","article-title":"Biological markers in cord blood for prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants.","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F410","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2010.189597","article-title":"Prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"96","author":"May","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-006-0235-8","article-title":"A scoring system to predict chronic oxygen dependency.","volume":"166","author":"May","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F40","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.072264","article-title":"Prenatal predictors of chronic lung disease in very preterm infants.","volume":"91","author":"Henderson-Smart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2005.20.3.397","article-title":"Scoring method for early prediction of neonatal chronic lung disease using modified respiratory parameters.","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210585","article-title":"Snap-II predicts severe intraventricular hemorrhage and chronic lung disease in the neonatal intensive care unit.","volume":"22","author":"Chien","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1328","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1328","article-title":"Prediction models for diagnosis and prognosis of covid-19: systematic review and critical appraisal.","volume":"369","author":"Wynants","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/s1084-2756(02)00192-6","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: changes in pathogenesis, epidemiology and definition.","volume":"8","author":"Bancalari","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin Neonatol."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2348OC","article-title":"The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in very preterm infants. An evidence-based approach.","volume":"200","author":"Jensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.01.043","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: executive summary of a workshop.","volume":"197","author":"Higgins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.163.7.2011060","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"163","author":"Jobe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.82.4.527","article-title":"Abnormal pulmonary outcomes in premature infants: prediction from oxygen requirement in the neonatal period.","volume":"82","author":"Shennan","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2020020461","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-020461","article-title":"Prognostic models predicting mortality in preterm infants: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"147","author":"van Beek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e272","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.20-5-e272","article-title":"Genetic approaches to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"20","author":"Leong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neoreviews."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1501","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1501","article-title":"Early warning scores for detecting deterioration in adult hospital patients: systematic review and critical appraisal of methodology.","volume":"369","author":"Gerry","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e047279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047279","article-title":"Methodological quality of multivariate prognostic models for intracranial haemorrhages in intensive care units: a systematic review.","volume":"11","author":"Simon-Pimmel","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/s0895-4356(96)00236-3","article-title":"A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis.","volume":"49","author":"Peduzzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6787","article-title":"Sample size considerations for the external validation of a multivariable prognostic model: a resampling study.","volume":"35","author":"Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m441","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m441","article-title":"Calculating the sample size required for developing a clinical prediction model.","volume":"368","author":"Riley","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802211007522","article-title":"Estimation of required sample size for external validation of risk models for binary outcomes.","volume":"30","author":"Pavlou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b2393","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2393","article-title":"Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: potential and pitfalls.","volume":"338","author":"Sterne","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2009.12.008","article-title":"Missing covariate data in medical research: to impute is better than to ignore.","volume":"63","author":"Janssen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110977","article-title":"Missing covariate data in clinical research: when and when not to use the missing-indicator method for analysis.","volume":"184","author":"Groenwold","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.009","article-title":"Using the outcome for imputation of missing predictor values was preferred.","volume":"59","author":"Moons","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2006.01.014","article-title":"Review: a gentle introduction to imputation of missing values.","volume":"59","author":"Donders","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5880","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3410","article-title":"Multiple imputation to correct for partial verification bias revisited.","volume":"27","author":"de Groot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(96)00025-x","article-title":"Inappropriate use of bivariable analysis to screen risk factors for use in multivariable analysis.","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2011-301246","article-title":"Risk prediction models: I. Development, internal validation, and assessing the incremental value of a new (bio)marker.","volume":"98","author":"Moons","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214558972","article-title":"Events per variable (EPV) and the relative performance of different strategies for estimating the out-of-sample validity of logistic regression models.","volume":"26","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"b604","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b604","article-title":"Prognosis and prognostic research: developing a prognostic model.","volume":"338","author":"Royston","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202107-822OC","article-title":"Meta-analysis of lung ultrasound scores for early prediction of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"19","author":"Pezza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1099-0496(199906)27:6<388::aid-ppul5>3.0.co;2-n","article-title":"Early prediction of neonatal chronic lung disease: a comparison of three scoring methods.","volume":"27","author":"Yoder","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.856159\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T07:53:47Z","timestamp":1652342027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.856159\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.856159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.856159","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]]},"article-number":"856159"}}