{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:11:20Z","timestamp":1753891880381,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The purpose of this study is to analyze the clinical data of a child with acute empyema caused by <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>, and to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of this disease through literature review to improve the clinical understanding of this kind of disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A 6-year-old female with acute <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> empyema was treated at the Department of Pediatrics of The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China. The pleural puncture fluid turned out to be yellow turbid pus, and the pleural effusion was diagnosed as empyema according to the classification of pleural effusions. High-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic>. After comprehensive treatment, including antibiotics, closed pleural drainage, and intrapleural injection of urokinase, the pleural effusion was absorbed and discharged. A systematic literature search in Pubmed, Embase, Scopus, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP Chinese databases revealed no cases of acute empyema in children caused by <jats:italic>H. influenza<\/jats:italic> and treated with urokinase.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was no bronchopleural fistula and tension pneumothorax during the treatment. One month after discharge, chest computed tomography (CT) revealed no pleural thickening and normal pulmonary function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pneumonia in the child worsened after an initial improvement of symptoms, which is an issue that requires further medical attention. High-throughput sequencing of pathogens in pleural effusion can improve the detection rate. This study indicated that closed pleural drainage combined with intrapleural injection of urokinase is an effective treatment for <jats:italic>H. influenzae<\/jats:italic> empyema in children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.882005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T05:25:07Z","timestamp":1658467507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Intrapleural injection of urokinase in the treatment of acute Haemophilus influenza empyema in children: A case report and literature review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"YaFei","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GuangSheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.01.010","volume":"40","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Xue Ye Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B2","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae","volume-title":"StatPearls.","author":"Khattak","year":"2021"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25564","article-title":"Surveillance of pediatric parapneumonic effusion\/empyema in New Zealand","volume":"56","author":"Rix-Trott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1694699","article-title":"Medical and surgical management of empyema","volume":"40","author":"Godfrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12906","article-title":"Intrapleural urokinase therapy in a neonate with pleural empyema","volume":"58","author":"Cha","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2019.07.002","article-title":"Antibiotic-resistant community-acquired bacterial pneumonia","volume":"33","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-017-3827-8","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia in children - a changing spectrum of disease","volume":"47","author":"le Roux","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1371381","article-title":"The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among children under 5 years of age in mainland China, 2001\u20132015: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"Ning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum Vaccin Immunother"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.2095-428X.2018.16.011","article-title":"Distributions and drug resistance to bacterial pathogens in children with community acquired pneumnonia in Shanghai","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin J Appl Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1000-3606.2018.06.013","article-title":"Clinical analysis of empyema in 49 children","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4850","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4850","article-title":"Haemophilus influenzae type F meningitis complicated by bilateral subdural empyema, central venous thrombosis, and bilateral sensorineural hearing loss in an immunocompetent 12-month-old","volume":"11","author":"Abou-Hanna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.05.009","article-title":"Etiology of parapneumonic effusion and pleural empyema in children. 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