{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T04:28:07Z","timestamp":1792124887260,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":242,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates are highly susceptible to infections owing to their immature cellular and humoral immune functions, as well the need for invasive devices. There is a wide practice variation in the choice and duration of antimicrobial treatment, even for relatively common conditions in the NICU, attributed to the lack of evidence-based guidelines. Early decisive treatment with broad-spectrum antimicrobials is the preferred clinical choice for treating sick infants with possible bacterial infection. Prolonged antimicrobial exposure among infants without clear indications has been associated with adverse neonatal outcomes and increased drug resistance. Herein, we review and summarize the best practices from the existing literature regarding antimicrobial use in commonly encountered conditions in neonates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.894005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T07:00:41Z","timestamp":1657263641000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Practice Summary of Antimicrobial Therapy for Commonly Encountered Conditions in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: A Canadian Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Joseph Y.","family":"Ting","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Autmizguine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Choudhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shikha","family":"Gupta-Bhatnagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrin","family":"Assen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Emberley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace J.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Destiny","family":"Lu-Cleary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frances","family":"Morin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsay L.","family":"Richter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Viel-Th\u00e9riault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyong-soon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik D.","family":"Skarsgard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joan","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakesh S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000719","article-title":"Australia-wide point prevalence survey of antimicrobial prescribing in neonatal units: how much and how good?","volume":"34","author":"Osowicki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1707","article-title":"Reported medication use in the neonatal intensive care unit: data from a large national data set","volume":"117","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2008.03.003","article-title":"Late preterm infants, early term infants, and timing of elective deliveries","volume":"35","author":"Engle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7200416","article-title":"Neonatal pneumonia: comparison of 4 vs 7 days of antibiotic therapy in term and near-term infants","volume":"20","author":"Engle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92865","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092865","article-title":"Necrotising enterocolitis in preterm infants: epidemiology and antibiotic consumption in the Polish neonatology network neonatal intensive care units in 2009","volume":"9","author":"Wojkowska-Mach","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq107","article-title":"Variation in antibiotic use in neonatal intensive care units in the Netherlands","volume":"65","author":"Liem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013836","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013836.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens for late-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Korang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD013837","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013837.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens for early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"5","author":"Korang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2014.01.005","article-title":"Antimicrobial stewardship in the NICU","volume":"28","author":"Cantey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.07.032","article-title":"Prolonged antibiotic therapy for \u201cculture-negative\u201d sepsis in preterm infants: it's time to stop! J Pediatr","volume":"159","author":"Cantey","year":"2011"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1086\/502270","article-title":"Duration of empiric antibiotics for suspected early-onset sepsis in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"24","author":"Cordero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7211252","article-title":"Practice variation in suspected neonatal sepsis: a costly problem in neonatal intensive care","volume":"25","author":"Spitzer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2021.380","article-title":"Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators, Variability in antimicrobial use among infants born at <33 weeks gestational age","author":"Ting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1053\/sper.2002.36264","article-title":"Risk factors for hospital-acquired infections in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"26","author":"Saiman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200112000-00005","article-title":"National epidemiology of mycoses study, risk factors for Candida species colonization of neonatal intensive care unit patients","volume":"20","author":"Saiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2011.05.033","article-title":"Prolonged initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with adverse outcomes in premature infants","volume":"159","author":"Kuppala","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-2677","article-title":"National institute for child, and N human development neonatal research, the association of third-generation cephalosporin use and invasive candidiasis in extremely low birth-weight infants","volume":"118","author":"Cotten","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-3423","article-title":"Prolonged duration of initial empirical antibiotic treatment is associated with increased rates of necrotizing enterocolitis and death for extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"123","author":"Cotten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426507022002174","article-title":"Microbes and the developing gastrointestinal tract","volume":"22","author":"Neu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr Clin Pract."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1985.02140130024022","article-title":"Gentamicin vs cefotaxime for therapy of neonatal sepsis Relationship to drug resistance","volume":"139","author":"Bryan","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)90015-1","article-title":"An antibiotic policy to prevent emergence of resistant bacilli","volume":"355","author":"de Man","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2013.06.006","article-title":"Vancomycin-resistant enterococci","volume":"29","author":"Rubinstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit Care Clin."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1086\/592412","article-title":"Outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and the impact of antimicrobial and adjunctive therapies","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1086\/598244","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance among Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates: risk factors, molecular characteristics, susceptibility patterns","volume":"30","author":"Hussein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e865","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-3412","article-title":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child, and N Human Development Neonatal Research, Neonatal candidiasis: epidemiology, risk factors, clinical judgment","volume":"126","author":"Benjamin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20182286","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2286","article-title":"Canadian neonatal network, duration of initial empirical antibiotic therapy and outcomes in very low birth weight infants","volume":"143","author":"Ting","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.2132","article-title":"for the Canadian neonatal network, association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"170","author":"Ting","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1632390","article-title":"Canadian neonatal follow-up, association of antibiotic utilization and neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely low gestational age neonates without proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"35","author":"Ting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1086\/510393","article-title":"Infectious Diseases Society of, and A Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of, Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America guidelines for developing an institutional program to enhance antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"44","author":"Dellit","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2010.06.004","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in neonatal intensive care unit pathogens: mechanisms, clinical impact, and prevention including antibiotic stewardship","volume":"37","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2017.183","article-title":"A blueprint for targeted antimicrobial stewardship in neonatal intensive care units","volume":"38","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-134","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in neonates: challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.19.2357","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection","volume":"292","author":"Stoll","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jama."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semperi.2020.151325","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship for early-onset sepsis","volume":"44","author":"Kuzniewicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol."},{"key":"B35","unstructured":"Canadian Neonatal Network Abstracors' Manual"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.299.17.2056","article-title":"Active bacterial core surveillance\/emerging infections program, epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005","volume":"299","author":"Phares","year":"2008","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e180164","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2018.0164","article-title":"Temporal trends and center variation in early antibiotic use among premature infants","volume":"1","author":"Flannery","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00031-13","article-title":"Early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"27","author":"Simonsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20182896","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2896","article-title":"Committee on infectious, management of neonates born at < \/=34 6\/7 weeks' gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis","volume":"142","author":"Puopolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.108.5.1094","article-title":"Early-onset neonatal sepsis in the era of group B streptococcal prevention","volume":"108","author":"Baltimore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F248","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-314671","article-title":"Early-onset neonatal infections in Australia and New Zealand, 2002-2012","volume":"104","author":"Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214298","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214298","article-title":"Epidemiology of neonatal early-onset sepsis in a geographically diverse Australian health district 2006-2016","volume":"14","author":"Braye","year":"2019","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(15)30818-5","article-title":"The prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease","volume":"35","author":"Money","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.4826","article-title":"Epidemiology of invasive early-onset and late-onset Group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 2006 to 2015: multistate laboratory and population-based surveillance","volume":"173","author":"Nanduri","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e200593","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0593","article-title":"Early-onset neonatal sepsis 2015 to 2017, the rise of escherichia coli, and the need for novel prevention strategies","volume":"174","author":"Stoll","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10244","article-title":"Trends in care practices, morbidity, and mortality of extremely preterm neonates, 1993-2012","volume":"314","author":"Stoll","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jama."},{"key":"B47","unstructured":"Canadian Neonatal Network Annual Report Review Committee 2018 Annual Report"},{"key":"B48","unstructured":""},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60074-4","article-title":"Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth","volume":"371","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20182894","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-2894","article-title":"Committee on infectious, management of neonates born at >\/=35 0\/7 weeks' gestation with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis","volume":"142","author":"Puopolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.105.3.523","article-title":"Rapid detection of microorganisms in blood cultures of newborn infants utilizing an automated blood culture system","volume":"105","author":"Garcia-Prats","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2006.00980.x","article-title":"Incubation time required for neonatal blood cultures to become positive","volume":"42","author":"Jardine","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0226817","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226817","article-title":"PCR for the detection of pathogens in neonatal early onset sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Oeser","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011926","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011926.pub2","article-title":"Molecular assays for the diagnosis of sepsis in neonates","volume":"2","author":"Pammi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318256905c","article-title":"Use of the complete blood cell count in early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"31","author":"Hornik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-0935","article-title":"Interpreting complete blood counts soon after birth in newborns at risk for sepsis","volume":"126","author":"Newman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199012000-00006","article-title":"Changes in the differential white blood cell count in screening for group B streptococcal sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Greenberg","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198705000-00004","article-title":"Impaired sensitivity of a single early leukocyte count in screening for neonatal sepsis","volume":"6","author":"Rozycki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-0541","article-title":"Management of neonates with suspected or proven early-onset bacterial sepsis","volume":"129","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E41","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.e41","article-title":"Serial serum C-reactive protein levels in the diagnosis of neonatal infection","volume":"102","author":"Benitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2009.12.001","article-title":"Adjunct laboratory tests in the diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"37","author":"Benitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e383","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa876","article-title":"C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, and white blood count to rule out neonatal early-onset sepsis within 36 hours: a secondary analysis of the neonatal procalcitonin intervention study","volume":"73","author":"Stocker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31444-7","article-title":"Procalcitonin-guided decision making for duration of antibiotic therapy in neonates with suspected early-onset sepsis: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial (NeoPIns)","volume":"390","author":"Stocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779663","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.779663","article-title":"Umbilical cord procalcitonin to detect early-onset sepsis in newborns: a promising biomarker","volume":"9","author":"Dongen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F350","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306193","article-title":"Early onset neonatal sepsis: diagnostic dilemmas and practical management","volume":"100","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2020.08.015","article-title":"Plasma procalcitonin levels remain low at the onset of gram-positive bacteremia regardless of severity or the presence of shock: a retrospective analysis of patients with detailed clinical characteristics","volume":"54","author":"Koizumi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329180","article-title":"Is it justified to include urine cultures in early (<72 hours) neonatal sepsis evaluations of term and late preterm infants?","volume":"30","author":"Riskin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000083822.31857.43","article-title":"Analysis of the efficacy of urine culture as part of sepsis evaluation in the premature infant","volume":"22","author":"Tamim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1132","article-title":"Neonatal meningitis: what is the correlation among cerebrospinal fluid cultures, blood cultures, and cerebrospinal fluid parameters?","volume":"117","author":"Garges","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B70","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease\u2013revised guidelines from CDC, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Verani","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.4678","article-title":"A quantitative, risk-based approach to the management of neonatal early-onset sepsis","volume":"171","author":"Kuzniewicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.01.034","article-title":"Physical examination instead of laboratory tests for most infants born to mothers colonized with group B Streptococcus: support for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2010 recommendations","volume":"163","author":"Cantoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx023","article-title":"Management of term infants at increased risk for early-onset bacterial sepsis","volume":"22","author":"Jefferies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/2249-4847.123092","article-title":"Study of Umbilical Cord Blood Culture in Diagnosis of Early-onset Sepsis Among Newborns with High-risk Factors","volume":"2","author":"Kalathia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neonatol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794710","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.794710","article-title":"Eliminating contamination in umbilical cord blood culture sampling for early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Quinones Cardona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001473","article-title":"Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of early-onset sepsis among very low birth weight infants: opportunities for antibiotic stewardship","volume":"36","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1155","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3464","article-title":"Estimating the probability of neonatal early-onset infection on the basis of maternal risk factors","volume":"128","author":"Puopolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00784-y","article-title":"Delivery-based criteria for empiric antibiotic administration among preterm infants","volume":"41","author":"Garber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B79","unstructured":"MorowitzM\n          35606829NICU Antibiotics and Outcomes Trial (NANO), 2019"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01484-9","article-title":"Neonatal blood culture inoculant volume: feasibility and challenges","volume":"90","author":"Woodford","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-0440","article-title":"How reliable is a negative blood culture result? Volume of blood submitted for culture in routine practice in a children's hospital","volume":"119","author":"Connell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3609","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01706-15","article-title":"Blood volume required for detection of low levels and ultralow levels of organisms responsible for neonatal bacteremia by use of Bactec Peds Plus\/F, Plus Aerobic\/F Medium, and the BD Bactec FX system: an in vitro study","volume":"53","author":"Lancaster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2019-318080","article-title":"The practice of blood volume submitted for culture in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"105","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1159\/000449279","article-title":"Rapid identification of bacterial antibiotic resistance by qPCR in infants with gram-negative septicaemia: a proof-of-concept study","volume":"111","author":"Lam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F4","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.178483","article-title":"Empirical Empirical treatment of neonatal sepsis: are the current guidelines adequate?","volume":"96","author":"Muller-Pebody","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2014.09.041","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota development in preterm neonates and effect of perinatal antibiotics","volume":"166","author":"Arboleya","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5811","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00789-12","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing reveals the incomplete, short-term recovery of infant gut microbiota following parenteral antibiotic treatment with ampicillin and gentamicin","volume":"56","author":"Fouhy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12857","article-title":"Wheezing and infantile colic are associated with neonatal antibiotic treatment","volume":"29","author":"Oosterloo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.1539","article-title":"Association of antibiotics in infancy with early childhood obesity","volume":"168","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.62.2.148","article-title":"Outbreak of cephalosporin resistant Enterobacter cloacae infection in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"62","author":"Modi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3181606850","article-title":"Impact of empiric antibiotic use on development of infections caused by extended-spectrum \u03b2-Lactamase bacteria in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"27","author":"Le","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B92","unstructured":"NICE Clinical Guideline 195"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.8.2880-2883.2001","article-title":"Comparison of the BacT\/Alert PF pediatric FAN blood culture bottle with the standard pediatric blood culture bottle, the Pedi-BacT","volume":"39","author":"Krisher","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol."},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1387933","article-title":"Does maternal intrapartum antibiotic treatment prolong the incubation time required for blood cultures to become positive for infants with early-onset sepsis?","volume":"32","author":"Sarkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1333413","article-title":"Recent developments and current issues in the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of bacterial and fungal neonatal sepsis","volume":"30","author":"Shane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712150","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/712150","article-title":"Choice and duration of antimicrobial therapy for neonatal sepsis and meningitis","volume":"2011","author":"Sivanandan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr."},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmq012","article-title":"Ten days vs. 14 days antibiotic therapy in culture-proven neonatal sepsis","volume":"56","author":"Gathwala","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"B98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fml054","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of 7-day vs. 14-day antibiotics for neonatal sepsis","volume":"52","author":"Chowdhary","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"B99","first-page":"1011","article-title":"Neonatal infection","volume-title":"Roberton's Textbook of Neonatology","author":"Dear","year":"2005"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20180345","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0345","article-title":"Shortened IV antibiotic course for uncomplicated, late-onset group B streptococcal bacteremia","volume":"142","author":"Coon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B101","first-page":"328","article-title":"Serious bacterial infections casused by Enterobacteriaceae","volume-title":"Redbook.","author":"Byington","year":"2018"},{"key":"B102","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease\u2013revised guidelines from CDC, 2010","volume":"59","author":"Verani","year":"2010","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm rep"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)30157-8","article-title":"The prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease","volume":"26","author":"Money","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can."},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F271","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.088799","article-title":"Epidemiology of neonatal group B streptococcal disease in the Netherlands before and after introduction of guidelines for prevention","volume":"92","author":"Trijbels-Smeulders","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002674","article-title":"Screening-based and risk-based strategy for the prevention of early-onset group B streptococcus\/non-group B streptococcus sepsis in the neonate: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.05.032","article-title":"No. 298-the prevention of early-onset neonatal group B streptococcal disease","volume":"40","author":"Money","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Can."},{"key":"B107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa012657","article-title":"Changes in pathogens causing early-onset sepsis in very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"347","author":"Stoll","year":"2002","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F9","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2009.178798","article-title":"Neonatal infections in England: the NeonIN surveillance network","volume":"96","author":"Vergnano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0552","article-title":"Seventy-five years of neonatal sepsis at Yale: 1928\u20132003","volume":"116","author":"Bizzarro","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1272","article-title":"Central Catheters, and Neonates: when to pull the line","volume":"107","author":"Benjamin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31002-4","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis","volume":"390","author":"Shane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.03.001","article-title":"Association of infection in neonates and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome","volume":"48","author":"Sewell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"B113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1159\/000497781","article-title":"Risk factors for late-onset sepsis in preterm infants: a multicenter case-control study","volume":"116","author":"El Manouni El Hassani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2001.119442","article-title":"Pediatric prevention, prevalence of nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care unit patients: Results from the first national point-prevalence survey","volume":"139","author":"Sohn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.16-4-e211","article-title":"Prevention of central line\u2013associated bloodstream infections among infants in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"16","author":"Garber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neoreviews."},{"key":"B116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001570","article-title":"Late-onset sepsis in extremely premature infants: 2000-2011","volume":"36","author":"Greenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001968","article-title":"Invasive fungal infections in Neonates in Canada: epidemiology and outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Ting","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70254-8","article-title":"Volume of blood required to detect common neonatal pathogens","volume":"129","author":"Schelonka","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.01191","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment of suspected and confirmed neonatal sepsis within 28 days of birth: a retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Wagstaff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol."},{"key":"B120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/599376","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of intravascular catheter-related infection: 2009 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"49","author":"Mermel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31817e519b","article-title":"Traumatic lumbar punctures in neonates: test performance of the cerebrospinal fluid white blood cell count","volume":"27","author":"Greenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238056","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238056","article-title":"Predictive value of repeated cerebrospinal fluid parameters in the outcomes of bacterial meningitis in infants <90 days of age","volume":"15","author":"Ting","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.134","article-title":"Diagnostics for neonatal sepsis: current approaches and future directions","volume":"82","author":"P.Y. Iroh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu063","article-title":"Effective biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"3","author":"Bhandari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc."},{"key":"B125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1322060","article-title":"Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a literature review","volume":"31","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F257","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306213","article-title":"Late-onset neonatal sepsis: recent developments","volume":"100","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30205-5","article-title":"Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use in the neonatal intensive care unit (SCOUT): a prospective interrupted time-series study","volume":"16","author":"Cantey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis."},{"key":"B128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000573","article-title":"Antibacterial resistance leadership, no survival benefit with empirical vancomycin therapy for coagulase-negative staphylococcal bloodstream infections in infants","volume":"34","author":"Ericson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2011.12.003","article-title":"Antibiotic use and misuse in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"39","author":"Tripathi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"B130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7010028","article-title":"Rational use of antibiotics in neonates: still in search of tailored tools","volume":"7","author":"J. van den","year":"2019","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"B131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.04.051","article-title":"Catheter management in neonates with bloodstream infection and a percutaneously inserted central venous catheter in situ: removal or not?","volume":"40","author":"Tsai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B132","article-title":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence","volume-title":"Guidance, Antibiotics for Early-Onset Neonatal Infection: Antibiotics for the Prevention and Treatment of Early-Onset Neonatal Infection.","year":"2012"},{"key":"B133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1086\/425368","article-title":"Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis","volume":"39","author":"Tunkel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20170044","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-0044","article-title":"Ending the culture of culture-negative sepsis in the neonatal ICU","volume":"140","author":"Cantey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000906","article-title":"Early-onset sepsis and antibiotic exposure in term infants: a nationwide population-based study in Norway","volume":"35","author":"Fjalstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000338","article-title":"Adverse consequences of neonatal antibiotic exposure","volume":"28","author":"Cotten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Pediatr."},{"key":"B137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-015-0117-7","article-title":"Antimicrobial therapy in neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"41","author":"Tzialla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr."},{"key":"B138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx426","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy in neonates and impact on gut microbiota and antibiotic resistance development: a systematic review","volume":"73","author":"Fjalstad","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.112.6.1283","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in extremely preterm neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit: characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes","volume":"112","author":"Apisarnthanarak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e318253ca31","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in newborn infants diagnosed with an invasive bronchoalveolar lavage technique: a prospective observational study*","volume":"14","author":"Cernada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2011.05.020","article-title":"International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) report, data summary of 36 countries, for 2004-2009","volume":"40","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"B142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002642","article-title":"Hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in children: a prospective natural history and case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Ericson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-019-0708-3","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia: diagnostic test stewardship and relevance of culturing practices","volume":"21","author":"Kenaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep."},{"key":"B144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2019.347","article-title":"Understanding reasons clinicians obtained endotracheal aspirate cultures and impact on patient management to inform diagnostic stewardship initiatives","volume":"41","author":"Sick-Samuels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol."},{"key":"B145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000213","article-title":"Respiratory secretion analyses in the evaluation of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a survey of current practice in pediatric critical care","volume":"15","author":"Willson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000000106","article-title":"The lack of specificity of tracheal aspirates in the diagnosis of pulmonary infection in intubated children","volume":"15","author":"Willson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0672-5","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in the NICU: time to boost diagnostics?","volume":"87","author":"Ergenekon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00262","article-title":"Neonatal ventilator associated pneumonia: a quality improvement initiative focusing on antimicrobial stewardship","volume":"6","author":"Goerens","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001372","article-title":"Pediatric ventilator-associated conditions study, ventilator-associated events in neonates and children\u2013a new paradigm","volume":"44","author":"Cocoros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001371","article-title":"Risk factors for ventilator-associated events in a PICU","volume":"19","author":"Guess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2015.01.004","article-title":"Diagnosing ventilator-associated pneumonia in pediatric intensive care","volume":"43","author":"Iosifidis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control."},{"key":"B152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000635","article-title":"ZAP-VAP: A Quality improvement initiative to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia in the neonatal intensive care unit, 2012-2016","volume":"19","author":"B. Jacobs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"B153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1062-1","article-title":"Reducing ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal intensive care unit using \u201cVAP prevention Bundle\u201d: a cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Azab","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmx044","article-title":"Successful implementation of a bundle strategy to prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia in a neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"64","author":"Gokce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr."},{"key":"B155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3109\/14767050903387029","article-title":"Reducing nosocomial infections in neonatal intensive care","volume":"23","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000276","article-title":"Applying adult ventilator-associated pneumonia bundle evidence to the ventilated neonate","volume":"16","author":"Weber","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care."},{"key":"B157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12264","DOI":"10.1111\/jspn.12264","article-title":"What are the effects of care bundles on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in paediatric and neonatal intensive care units? A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Niedzwiecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Spec Pediatr Nurs."},{"key":"B158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.074","article-title":"Cell count analysis from nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage in preterm infants","volume":"200","author":"Dell'Orto","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jp.7210549","article-title":"Purulence and gram-negative bacilli in tracheal aspirates of mechanically ventilated very low birth weight infants","volume":"21","author":"Cordero","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.20-3-e145","article-title":"Challenging the \u201cCulture\u201d of the tracheal aspirate","volume":"20","author":"Claassen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neoreviews."},{"key":"B161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis512","article-title":"Is the gram stain useful in the microbiologic diagnosis of VAP?","volume":"55","author":"O'Horo","year":"2012","journal-title":"A meta-analysis Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2007-1826","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial on tracheal colonization of ventilated infants: can gravity prevent ventilator-associated pneumonia?","volume":"122","author":"Aly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05980-0","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in adults: a narrative review","volume":"46","author":"Papazian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"B164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw353","article-title":"Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america and the american thoracic society","volume":"63","author":"Kalil","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"B165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700582","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00582-2017","article-title":"International ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia: Guidelines for the management of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP)\/ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) of the European Respiratory Society (ERS), European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and Asociaci\u00f3n Latinoamericana del T\u00f3rax (ALAT)","volume":"50","author":"Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"B166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001942","article-title":"Development of an antibiotic guideline for children with suspected ventilator-associated infections","volume":"20","author":"Shein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med."},{"key":"B167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw118","article-title":"Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America","volume":"62","author":"Barlam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000355539","article-title":"Ventilator-associated pneumonia in neonatal patients: an update","volume":"105","author":"Cernada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S142","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa247","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment duration in sepsis and serious infections","volume":"222","author":"Busch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"B170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.13-0076","article-title":"Short- vs long-duration antibiotic regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest."},{"key":"B171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2006.00756.x","article-title":"Necrotising enterocolitis hospitalisations among neonates in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Holman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"B172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2016.10.004","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis in low birth weight infants in China: Mortality risk factors expressed by birth weight categories","volume":"58","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol."},{"key":"B173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sla.0000164181.67862.7f","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes of extremely low birth-weight infants with necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated intestinal perforation: a prospective cohort study by the NICHD Neonatal Research Network","volume":"241","author":"Blakely","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"B174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403489","article-title":"Causes and timing of death in extremely premature infants from 2000 through 2011","volume":"372","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e117","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2141","article-title":"Anaerobic antimicrobial therapy after necrotizing enterocolitis in VLBW infants","volume":"135","author":"Autmizguine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.013","article-title":"Mortality of necrotizing enterocolitis expressed by birth weight categories","volume":"44","author":"Fitzgibbons","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-0569","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants after necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"115","author":"Hintz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F193","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.099929","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcomes of neonates with medically and surgically treated necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"92","author":"Rees","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"B179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.218","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment during infancy and increased body mass index in boys: an international cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Murphy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Obes."},{"key":"B180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(82)90383-X","article-title":"Pathogenesis of neonatal necrotising enterocolitis","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"1982","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)81124-2","article-title":"Pathology of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: a ten-year experience","volume":"117","author":"Ballance","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10024-002-0602-z","article-title":"Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis: clinical considerations and pathogenetic concepts","volume":"6","author":"Hsueh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Dev Pathol."},{"key":"B183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(91)90017-N","article-title":"Spontaneous, isolated intestinal perforations in neonates with birth weight less than 1,000 g not associated with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"26","author":"Meyer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197801000-00001","article-title":"Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Therapeutic decisions based upon clinical staging","volume":"187","author":"Bell","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann Surg."},{"key":"B185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34975-6","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am."},{"key":"B186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82418-7","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis in very low birth weight infants: biodemographic and clinical correlates. National institute of child health and human development neonatal research network","volume":"119","author":"Uauy","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-999783","article-title":"The incidence of meningitis in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"4","author":"Kliegman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1994.tb13242.x","article-title":"study of pre-antibiotic bacteriology in 125 patients with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"396","author":"Chan","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr Suppl."},{"key":"B189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1693429","article-title":"Antibiotic treatments and patient outcomes in necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"37","author":"Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1086\/649554","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"50","author":"Solomkin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"B191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2016.01.005","article-title":"Development of the neonatal intestinal microbiome and its association with necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"38","author":"Elgin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Ther."},{"key":"B192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e105046","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105046","article-title":"Mucosa-associated bacterial diversity in necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"9","author":"Brower-Sinning","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE."},{"key":"B193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2016.163","article-title":"Variability in antibiotic regimens for surgical necrotizing enterocolitis highlights the need for new guidelines","volume":"18","author":"Blackwood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg Infect (Larchmt)."},{"key":"B194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd007448","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007448.pub2","article-title":"Antibiotic regimens for the empirical treatment of newborn infants with necrotising enterocolitis","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(88)80069-6","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of parenteral clindamycin in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"112","author":"Faix","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80283-6","article-title":"A randomized, controlled study of oral gentamicin in the treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"97","author":"Hansen","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B197","unstructured":""},{"key":"B198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1862","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001862","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antibiotic plus metronidazole may not prevent the deterioration of necrotizing enterocolitis from stage II to III in full-term and near-term infants: a propensity score-matched cohort study","volume":"94","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicine."},{"key":"B199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/20.3.421","article-title":"Comparison of two antibiotic regimens for neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"20","author":"Scheifele","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"B200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3468(93)90496-8","article-title":"Recurrent necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"28","author":"Stringer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2011.27","article-title":"Impact of 'targeted' fluconazole prophylaxis for preterm neonates: efficacy of a highly selective approach?","volume":"32","author":"Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1007-7","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in preterm infants: the protective role of breastfeeding","volume":"24","author":"Levy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"B203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000065690.64686.c9","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in very low birth weight preterm infants","volume":"22","author":"Bauer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.05.011","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux in the neonate","volume":"41","author":"Baracco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol."},{"key":"B205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e337","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.19-6-e337","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in premature and term infants","volume":"19","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neoreviews."},{"key":"B206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2014.10.003","article-title":"Urinary tract infections in the infant","volume":"42","author":"Arshad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3233\/NPM-16915055","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infection in very low birth weight infants","volume":"9","author":"Ruangkit","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med."},{"key":"B208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1825","article-title":"Clinical and demographic factors associated with urinary tract infection in young febrile infants","volume":"116","author":"Zorc","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-017-3030-9","article-title":"Late-onset sepsis due to urinary tract infection in very preterm neonates is not uncommon","volume":"177","author":"Mohseny","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr."},{"key":"B210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2004.01837.x","article-title":"Neonatal urinary tract infections: analysis of the patients and recurrences","volume":"46","author":"Biyikli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"key":"B211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000110","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in outpatient febrile infants younger than 30 days of age: a 10-year evaluation","volume":"33","author":"Bonadio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2009.147","article-title":"Prevalence of renal anomalies after urinary tract infections in hospitalized infants less than 2 months of age","volume":"30","author":"Nowell","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-9-183","article-title":"Sauve, de Repentigny L, Kovacs L, Tan B, Richardson SE. Characteristics and outcome of infants with candiduria in neonatal intensive care - a Paediatric Investigators Collaborative Network on Infections in Canada (PICNIC) study","volume":"9","author":"Robinson","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis."},{"key":"B214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.1999.00305.x","article-title":"Is urethral catheterization a successful alternative to suprapubic aspiration in neonates?","volume":"35","author":"Austin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health."},{"key":"B215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2019.30","article-title":"Point-of-care ultrasound before attempting clean-catch urine collection in infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"21","author":"Weill","year":"2019","journal-title":"CJEM."},{"key":"B216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20183844","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-3844","article-title":"Febrile young infant research, parenteral antibiotic therapy duration in young infants with bacteremic urinary tract infections","volume":"144","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B217","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000316","article-title":"Factors associated with bacteremia in young infants with urinary tract infection","volume":"33","author":"Averbuch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-007-0556-5","article-title":"Urinary tract infection in the newborn: clinical and radio imaging studies","volume":"22","author":"Sastre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"B219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.209","article-title":"Prevalence of upper urinary tract anomalies in hospitalized premature infants with urinary tract infection","volume":"35","author":"Vachharajani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Perinatol."},{"key":"B220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-6553(99)70088-X","article-title":"Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee","volume":"27","author":"Mangram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"B221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1089\/sur.2010.021","article-title":"Surgical site infection prevention: how we do it","volume":"11","author":"Hranjec","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surg Infect."},{"key":"B222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2013.08.001","article-title":"Surgical site infections in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"49","author":"Segal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2016.04.002","article-title":"Surgical site infections in the NICU","volume":"51","author":"Clements","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2017.07.021","article-title":"Antibiotic stewardship in the newborn surgical patient: a quality improvement project in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"162","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surgery."},{"key":"B225","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-0179","article-title":"Empiric use of ampicillin and cefotaxime, compared with ampicillin and gentamicin, for neonates at risk for sepsis is associated with an increased risk of neonatal death","volume":"117","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B226","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.714987","article-title":"Use and misuse of antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit","volume":"4","author":"Tzialla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B227","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp120568","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines for antimicrobial prophylaxis in surgery","volume":"70","author":"Bratzler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Health Syst Pharm."},{"key":"B228","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2019.01.009","article-title":"A standardized guideline for antibiotic prophylaxis in surgical neonates()","volume":"28","author":"Laituri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B229","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.026","article-title":"Conflicts in wound classification of neonatal operations","volume":"44","author":"Vu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B230","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e198","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2674","article-title":"vancomycin-heparin lock solution for prevention of nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill neonates with peripherally inserted central venous catheters: a prospective, randomized trial","volume":"116","author":"Garland","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B231","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70208-X","article-title":"Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates","volume":"125","author":"Spafford","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B232","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(95)70126-5","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of amoxicillin prophylaxis for prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous silicone elastomer catheters","volume":"127","author":"Harms","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B233","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2019.04.010","article-title":"Immediate versus staged repair of omphaloceles","volume":"28","author":"Skarsgard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B234","first-page":"973","volume-title":"Pediatric Surgery.","author":"Coran","year":"2012"},{"key":"B235","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00383-011-3038-6","article-title":"Infectious complications in the management of gastroschisis","volume":"28","author":"Baird","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr Surg Int."},{"key":"B236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1564713","article-title":"International survey on the management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"26","author":"Zani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B237","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001835","article-title":"Acquired infection and antimicrobial utilization during initial NICU hospitalization in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia","volume":"37","author":"Keene","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B238","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2013.0210","article-title":"Current patterns of practice and technique in the repair of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistua: an IPEG survey","volume":"23","author":"Lal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A."},{"key":"B239","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8621801","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/8621801","article-title":"Anesthesia practice: review of perioperative management of H-type tracheoesophageal fistula","volume":"2019","author":"Edelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Res Pract."},{"key":"B240","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2005.01594.x","article-title":"Thoracoscopic repair of esophageal atresia with tracheoesophageal fistula: anesthetic and intensive care management of a series of eight neonates","volume":"15","author":"Krosnar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Paediatr Anaesth."},{"key":"B241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2014.11.028","article-title":"Prevention of infectious complications after elective colorectal surgery in children: an American Pediatric Surgical Association Outcomes and Clinical Trials Committee comprehensive review","volume":"50","author":"Rangel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg."},{"key":"B242","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD001181","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001181.pub4","article-title":"Antimicrobial prophylaxis for colorectal surgery","volume":"2014","author":"Nelson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.894005\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T07:00:53Z","timestamp":1657263653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.894005\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"references-count":242,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.894005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.894005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"article-number":"894005"}}