{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:48:17Z","timestamp":1770886097758,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spontaneous rupture of testicular rhabdomyosarcoma is very rare. We report a case of spontaneous testicular rupture that was pathologically confirmed as rhabdomyosarcoma with unilateral blepharoptosis. The patient, a 19-year-old male, and his father had weakness of the left eyelid muscle. The patient was suspected to have a right inguinal hernia by a family doctor but was not treated further. 2 days later, there was skin itching in the right inguinal area, accompanied by redness, swelling and discomfort of the right scrotum, and the patient went to the local hospital again. Ultrasound examination showed that a contusion of the right testis may have been complicated with orchitis. Oral levofloxacin was ineffective. In addition, the swelling of scrotal increased significantly. He came to the emergency room of our hospital and also was treated with levofloxacin, but the pain was still not relieved. CT and ultrasound examination could not identify the cause of the disease. Exploration of the right scrotum was performed under general anesthesia and confirmed that the right testis had spontaneously ruptured. The pathological diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma of the right testis. Testicular rhabdomyosarcoma is clinically rare, and spontaneous rupture is even rarer. The pathogenesis of the disease needs to be further studied, and the diagnosis should be made on a case-by-case basis. Overall, the prognosis of testicular rhabdomyosarcoma is poor. As seen in this case, further study is required to determine whether there is some association between testicular rhabdomyosarcoma and ptosis. Unfortunately, the patient's family rejected a genetic examination because of financial difficulty. We only report a single case of this rare phenomenon here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.904275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T04:56:28Z","timestamp":1656392188000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Spontaneous Rupture of Rhabdomyosarcoma of the Testis With Unilateral Ptosis: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shanhong","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanlei","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingzhen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13102","article-title":"The world health organization 2016 classification of testicular germ cell tumours: a review and update from the international society of urological pathology testis consultation panel","volume":"70","author":"Williamson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histopathology."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-020-02634-4","article-title":"Clinicopathologic features, outcomes, and prognostic factors of testicular sarcoma: a population-based study","volume":"53","author":"Bhambhvani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eucr.2020.101385","article-title":"Adult testiculair rhabdomyosarcoma, a rare tumour arising in a teratoma with somatic type malignancy: a case report","volume":"12","author":"Vanderstappen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urol Case Rep."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21219","article-title":"Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics 2014","volume":"64","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5287","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S170008","article-title":"Successful treatment of relapsed testicular embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma with endostar and traditional chemotherapy: a case report","volume":"30","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2015.10.004","article-title":"Current management of paratesticular rhabdomyosarcoma","volume":"34","author":"Dangle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Urol Oncol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-016-0771-0","article-title":"Head and neck Rhabdomyosarcoma: clinical and pathologic characterization of seven, Cases Head Neck Pathol","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2017"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annpat.2012.07.006","article-title":"Nouvelle classification de l'OMS des tumeurs des tissus mous et des os [New, W. 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