{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T12:36:33Z","timestamp":1778502993175,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"\n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n COVID-19 in children was initially mild until the emergence of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). We describe pediatric COVID-19 in a developing country within the Caribbean.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Jamaican children who were hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection, in one Caribbean regional academic referral center from April 2020 through June 2021 were included. Prospective surveillance and pediatric infectious disease consultations were performed using the CDC's MIS-C case definition. Data were extracted from patients' hospital charts using WHO's reporting form, entered into the RedCap database, and SPSS 28 was used for analysis. MIS-C and non-MIS-C patients were compared using independent sample\n t<\/jats:italic>\n -tests for continuous variables and Fisher's exact test for categorical variables,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n values &lt; 0.05 were statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Seventy-nine children with COVID-19 with\/without MIS-C presented to UHWI. Thirty-eight (48%) were mild ambulatory cases. Hospitalizations occurred in 41 (52%) children, with median age of 10\n \n \n \n \n 1<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n \n 2<\/mml:mn>\n <\/mml:mrow>\n <\/mml:mfrac>\n <\/mml:math>\n <\/jats:inline-formula>\n years. SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positivity was present in 26 (63%), Immunoglobulin M, or Immunoglobulin G (IgM\/IgG) positivity in 8 (20%), with community exposures in 7 (17%). Eighteen (44%) MIS-C positive patients were significantly more likely than 23 MIS-C negative patients (56%) to present with fever (94% vs. 30%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), fatigue\/lethargy (41% vs. 4%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006), lymphadenopathy (33% vs. 0%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.003), elevated neutrophils (100% vs. 87%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.024), and ESR (78% vs. 9%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.002). Involvement of\n &gt;<\/jats:underline>\n two organ systems occurred more frequently in MIS-C positive cases (100% vs. 34%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001), including gastrointestinal (72% vs. 17%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001); vomiting\/nausea (39% vs. 9%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.028); hematological\/coagulopathic (67% vs. 4%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001); dermatologic involvement (56% vs. 0%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n &lt; 0.001); and mucositis (28% vs. 0%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001). MIS-C patients had Kawasaki syndrome (44%), cardiac involvement (17%), and pleural effusions (17%). MIS-C patients had &gt;4 abnormal inflammatory biomarkers including D-dimers, C-reactive protein, ESR, ferritin, troponins, lactate dehydrogenase, neutrophils, platelets, lymphocytes, and albumen (72%). MIS-C patients were treated with intravenous immune gamma globulin (78%), aspirin (68%), steroids (50%), and non-invasive ventilation (11%). None required inotropes\/vasopressors. MIS-C negative patients received standard care. All recovered except one child who was receiving renal replacement therapy and developed myocardial complications.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n In this first report of COVID-19 from the Caribbean, children and adolescents with and without MIS-C were not very severe. Critical care interventions were minimal and outcomes were excellent.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.904788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]],"date-time":"2022-09-07T03:24:04Z","timestamp":1662521044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Hospitalized children with SARS-CoV-2 infection and MIS-C in Jamaica: A dive into the first 15 months of the novel pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Crista-Lee Shahine","family":"Berry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roxanne Helene","family":"Melbourne-Chambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abigail Natalie","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua James","family":"Anzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly-Ann Maxorinthia","family":"Gordon-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Varough Mohamed","family":"Deyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Celia Dana Claire","family":"Christie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":""},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4344","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Italy","volume":"323","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006100","article-title":"Spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the Icelandic population","volume":"382","author":"Gudbjartsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6914e4","article-title":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Children \u2014 United States, February 12\u2013April 2, 2020 MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep","volume":"69","author":"Bialek","year":"2020"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15270","article-title":"Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults","volume":"109","author":"Ludvigsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.05.079","article-title":"Gastrointestinal symptoms as a major presentation component of a novel multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) that is related to COVID-19: a single center experience of 44 cases","volume":"159","author":"Miller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"WestDW\n Acute Care Exclusive: National Alert as \u2018Coronavirus-Related Condition May be Emerging in Children. 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