{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:19:07Z","timestamp":1791227947736,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The experimental group included 68 children over 6 years of age who had recovered from COVID-19. The control group included 22 children over 6 years of age who have never had COVID-19. Research methods included neurological examination, verification of cognitive status, examination by an otolaryngologist, and smell and taste assessment. The examination was performed 6\u20138 weeks after COVID-19 recovery and after 1 year in some patients. Children who recovered from COVID-19 had a reduction in their ability to smell compared to children who had never had COVID-19. The olfactory thresholds and taste identification scores after recovery from COVID-19 were identical, whether the parents had reported anosmia in their children during COVID-19 or not, and irrespective of hyperthermia level and the presence or absence of headache and hyperhidrosis during COVID-19. Analysis of correlation with neuropsychiatric symptoms showed no differences in the olfactory thresholds in children irrespective of the presence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (tics, tremors, enuresis, compulsive movements, seizures, speech disorders, attention deficit, and easy fatigability) both in general, and in particular among subjects performing or not any compulsive movements, and experiencing or not a combination of easy fatigability and daytime sleepiness. Evidence suggests that in children and adolescents, partial hyposmia is associated with depressive symptoms, varying in severity from low to high, but symptoms of depression were not caused by COVID-19 infection itself. Analysis in subgroups with different degrees of state and trait anxiety did not reveal any significant differences in the olfactory threshold. A re-examination of 21 children was performed after 1 year. An objective olfactometric examination showed that the sensitivity to odorants increased significantly. In 1 year, we compared the thresholds of smell in children who had COVID-19 and those who did not have this disease: olfactory sensitivity after COVID-19 in children is restored to normal values. Schulte correction test showed that none of 14 children with asthenic manifestations in the form of fluctuations or exhaustion when performing the test immediately after COVID-19 had these manifestations after 1 year. Thus, asthenization of cognitive activity was recorded within the next 1.5 months after suffering from COVID-19 but was absent after 1 year.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.919061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:49:30Z","timestamp":1662698970000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A non-randomized comparative study of olfactory and gustatory functions in children who recovered from COVID-19 (1-year follow-up)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Leyla","family":"Namazova-Baranova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Karkashadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Zelenkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Vishneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kaytukova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dina","family":"Rusinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Ustinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Sergienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulia","family":"Nesterova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Yatsyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitrii","family":"Kratko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Gubanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Gankovskiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Gogberashvili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Konstantinidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darya","family":"Bushueva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Rykunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Shirdanina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Sadilloeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Sergeeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Lamasova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizaveta","family":"Leonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Pankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Dubonosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.1127","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China.","volume":"77","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: Common findings in COVID-19 patients.","volume":"130","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Laryngoscope."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05965-1","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): A multicenter European study.","volume":"277","author":"Lechien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820922992","article-title":"COVID-19 anosmia reporting tool: Initial findings.","volume":"163","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.26204","article-title":"Objective evaluation of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients: Single-center experience on 72 cases.","volume":"42","author":"Vaira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Head Neck."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.13.20100198","article-title":"Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of COVID-19 in adults and children: An international multicenter study.","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.2065","article-title":"Neuropathogenesis and neurologic manifestations of the coronaviruses in the age of coronavirus disease 2019: A review.","volume":"77","author":"Zubair","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e199","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000002718","article-title":"Anosmia and ageusia: Not an uncommon presentation of COVID-19 infection in children and adolescents.","volume":"39","author":"Mak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-002-0315-7","article-title":"Intranasal chemosensory function of the trigeminal nerve and aspects of its relation to olfaction.","volume":"75","author":"Hummel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjy049","article-title":"Olfactory and trigeminal systems interact in the periphery.","volume":"43","author":"Tremblay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem Senses."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"p. 432","author":"Blagoveschenskaya","year":"1990","journal-title":"Otoneurological symptoms and syndromes."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.01.009","article-title":"Normative data for olfactory threshold and odor identification in children and adolescents.","volume":"123","author":"Gellrich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B13","first-page":"39","article-title":"Olfactory testing in clinical practice.","author":"Rombaux","year":"2009","journal-title":"B-ENT."},{"key":"B14","author":"Domrachev","year":"2001","journal-title":"Method of threshold olfactometry. Russian federation patent RU 2169364 C1"},{"key":"B15","author":"Karkashadze","year":"2021","journal-title":"The method for assessing the threshold of olfaction in children. Russian federation patent for invention"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.686600","article-title":"Prevalence of smell or taste dysfunction among children with COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"9","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20200547","article-title":"Evaluation of taste and smell disorders in pediatric COVID-19 cases.","volume":"67","author":"Elmas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992)."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13644","article-title":"COVID-19, anosmia, and ageusia in atopic children.","volume":"33","author":"Parisi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2021.110626","article-title":"Loss of smell and taste in COVID-19 infection in adolescents.","volume":"142","author":"Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjt037","article-title":"Reduced olfactory bulb volume in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment.","volume":"38","author":"Croy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem Senses."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjw061","article-title":"The association between olfaction and depression: A systematic review.","volume":"41","author":"Kohli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem Senses."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000001148","article-title":"Olfactory function in depressed adolescents.","volume":"208","author":"Uzun Cicek","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.919061\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]],"date-time":"2022-09-09T04:49:40Z","timestamp":1662698980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.919061\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"references-count":22,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.919061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.919061","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,9]]},"article-number":"919061"}}