{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:11:19Z","timestamp":1753891879385,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The American Academy of Pediatrics and Pediatric Endocrine Society neonatal hypoglycemia guidelines based their glucose concentration treatment thresholds on studies that predominantly used Beckman and Yellow Springs Glucose Oxidase Analyzers. Currently, a majority (76%) of U.S. hospital laboratories utilizing glucose oxidase methodology use Vitros<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> Glucose Analyzers. However, a bias of ~+5% between glucose concentrations from Beckman vs. Vitros Glucose Analyzers has been reported; this could have a clinically significant effect when using published guideline treatment thresholds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine if there is similar instrument bias between Beckman and Vitros Analyzers in reported glucose concentrations from term newborns, we compared plasma glucose concentrations measured within the first 3 h after birth by Beckman vs. Vitros Analyzers in a total of 1,987 newborns (Beckman <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 904, Vitros <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 1,083). Data were fit using nonlinear cubic spline models between collection time and glucose concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The non-linear patterns of initial glucose concentrations (during the first 3 h after birth) as measured by Beckman and Vitros Analyzers paralleled each other with no overlap of the fit spline curve 95% confidence intervals, with an approximate +5 mg\/dL constant bias. Additionally, in method comparison studies performed in the Chemistry Laboratory on adult samples, there was a +4.2-7.4 mg\/dL measured glucose bias for the Beckman vs. Vitros Analyzer.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glucose concentrations from term, appropriate size for gestational age newborns were about 5 mg\/dL higher when measured by Beckman vs. Vitros Analyzers. Perhaps, concentrations of 45 mg\/dL reported from Beckman Analyzers may be equivalent to 40 mg\/dL from Vitros Analyzers. When managing neonatal hypoglycemia, it is important to know which analyzer was used and whether adjusting for potential instrument bias is necessary when following published guidelines.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.933508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1663735277000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Different glucose analyzers report different glucose concentration values in term newborns"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Rina P.","family":"Duke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Bornhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nahed O.","family":"ElHassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2015.1631","article-title":"Association between transient newborn hypoglycemia and fourth-grade achievement test proficiency: a population-based study","volume":"169","author":"Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.06.044","article-title":"Knowledge gaps and research needs for understanding and treating neonatal hypoglycemia: workshop report from Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","volume":"155","author":"Hay WW","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6659.1304","article-title":"Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome of moderate neonatal hypoglycaemia","volume":"297","author":"Lucas","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70209-X","article-title":"Long-term effects of neonatal hypoglycemia on brain growth and psychomotor development in small-for-gestational-age preterm infants","volume":"134","author":"Duvanel","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1579","article-title":"Association of neonatal glycemia with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 45 years","volume":"171","author":"McKinlay","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.4.724","article-title":"Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasonography findings after neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"103","author":"Kinnala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.05.051","article-title":"Imperfect Advice: Neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"176","author":"Adamkin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3851","article-title":"Postnatal glucose homeostasis in late-preterm and term infants","volume":"127","author":"Adamkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.03.057","article-title":"Recommendations from the Pediatric Endocrine Society for evaluation and management of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates, infants, and children","volume":"167","author":"Thornton","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2016.08.007","article-title":"Neonatal hypoglycemia","volume":"22","author":"Adamkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(86)80588-1","article-title":"Plasma glucose values in normal neonates: a new look","volume":"109","author":"Srinivasan","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80303-7","article-title":"Serum glucose levels in term neonates during the first 48 h of life","volume":"110","author":"Heck","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80817-1","article-title":"Glycemic response to glucagon during fasting hypoglycemia: an aid in the diagnosis of hyperinsulinism","volume":"96","author":"Finegold","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.57.5.702","article-title":"Hyperinsulinism in infancy: diagnosis by demonstration of abnormal response to fasting hypoglycemia","volume":"57","author":"Stanley","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.64.5.613","article-title":"Metabolic fuel and hormone responses to fasting in newborn infants","volume":"64","author":"Stanley","year":"1979","journal-title":"Pediatrics."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.039412","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome of hypoglycaemia in healthy, large for gestational age, term newborns","volume":"90","author":"Brand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(99)70210-6","article-title":"Failure to detect preterm infants at risk of hypoglycemia before discharge","volume":"134","author":"Hume","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/24.1.150","article-title":"Plasma glucose measurement with the yellow springs glucose analyzer","volume":"24","author":"Chua","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"journal-title":"General Chemistry\/Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Survey C-C [Participant Summary]","year":"2020","key":"B19"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/24.8.1335","article-title":"Multilayer film elements for clinical analysis: general concepts","volume":"24","author":"Curme","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2013.220376","article-title":"Measurements for 8 common analytes in native sera identify inadequate standardization among 6 routine laboratory assays","volume":"60","author":"Stepman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6235","article-title":"Defining \u201cterm\u201d pregnancy: recommendations from the Defining \u201cTerm\u201d Pregnancy Workgroup","volume":"309","author":"Spong","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00386-X","article-title":"A United States national reference for fetal growth","volume":"87","author":"Alexander","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(05)82056-6","article-title":"New Ballard score, expanded to include extremely premature infants","volume":"119","author":"Ballard","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(72)90395-6","article-title":"Use of the Beckman glucose analyzer for low and high glucose values","volume":"42","author":"Morrison","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/23.1.131","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of 10 glucose methods and the reference method recommended in the proposed product class standard (1974)","volume":"23","author":"Passey","year":"1977","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.163634","article-title":"Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Sacks","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7238","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43665-x","article-title":"The impact of differences in plasma glucose between glucose oxidase and hexokinase methods on estimated gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence","volume":"9","author":"Dickson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100205","article-title":"Glucose measurement: time for a gold standard","volume":"1","author":"Hagvik","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Diabetes Sci Technol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/33.8.1397","article-title":"Precision of glucose measurements in control sera by isotope dilution\/mass spectrometry: proposed definitive method compared with a reference method","volume":"33","author":"Pelletier","year":"1987","journal-title":"Clin Chem."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2307\/2987937","article-title":"Measurement in Medicine: the analysis of method comparison studies","volume":"32","author":"Altman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J R Stat Soc Ser D"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000487222","article-title":"Newborn plasma glucose concentration nadirs by gestational-age group","volume":"113","author":"Kaiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neonatology."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis to revise the Fenton growth chart for preterm infants","volume":"13","author":"Fenton","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-8-5","article-title":"Centile charts for birthweight for gestational age for Scottish singleton births","volume":"8","author":"Bonellie","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19975","article-title":"Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin injections: the DIAMOND randomized clinical trial","volume":"317","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.005","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis in the newborn","volume":"81","author":"Hume","year":"2005","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(96)00048-8","article-title":"The impact of gestational age and fetal growth on the maternal-fetal glucose concentration difference","volume":"87","author":"Marconi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.933508\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T04:41:19Z","timestamp":1663735279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.933508\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.933508"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.933508","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2296-2360"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"article-number":"933508"}}