{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:23:28Z","timestamp":1787027008931,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the distribution of pediatric keratoconus patients and the disease severity based on different age and gender groups in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 446 keratoconus eyes in 266 pediatric patients from January 2019 to January 2022 were included in the cross-sectional study. The clinical findings and severity of keratoconus were recorded and Kruskal\u2013Wallis test, chi-squared test, and Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test were used to compare the parameters between different gender and age groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The male\/female ratio was 353\/93 (3.8:1), and the median age was 16 years (range: 6\u201317 years). Male patients were statistically younger than female patients (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.041). The male\/female ratio decreased with age (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      for trend = 0.011). The distribution of the topographic keratoconus classification (TKC) stage was significantly different between gender and age groups (all\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05). Male patients had a higher ratio of advanced keratoconus eyes (TKC \u2265 3) than female patients (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001), and CMH analysis indicated that being a male was a risk factor for advanced keratoconus after controlling for age (odds ratio: 2.581,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Male keratoconus patients were younger, with a higher ratio of advanced keratoconus than female patients in the Chinese pediatric patients evaluated. Multicenter studies with larger sample sizes are necessary in the future.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.937246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,18]],"date-time":"2022-07-18T01:17:00Z","timestamp":1658107020000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Distribution of pediatric keratoconus by different age and gender 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