{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:00:50Z","timestamp":1793444450216,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1657238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018294","name":"Kepler Universit\u00e4tsklinikum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018294","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>During fetal life some cardiac defects may lead to diminished left heart growth and to the evolution of a form of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). In fetuses with an established HLHS, severe restriction or premature closure of the atrial septum leads to left atrial hypertension and remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature, severely worsening an already poor prognosis. Fetal therapy, including invasive fetal cardiac interventions and non-invasive maternal hyperoxygenation, have been introduced to prevent a possible progression of left heart hypoplasia, improve postnatal outcome, or secure fetal survival. The aim of this review is to cover patient selection and possible hemodynamic effects of fetal cardiac procedures and maternal hyperoxygenation in fetuses with an evolving or established hypoplastic left heart syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.944813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T06:03:35Z","timestamp":1657260215000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome: Is There a Role for Fetal Therapy?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Tulzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Huhta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julian","family":"Hochpoechler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Holzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Karas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kielmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Tulzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.006191","article-title":"Transplantation-free survival and interventions at 3 years in the single ventricle reconstruction trial.","volume":"129","author":"Newburger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.05.020","article-title":"Interstage mortality after the Norwood procedure: results of the multicenter single ventricle reconstruction trial.","volume":"144","author":"Ghanayem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2246","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029375","article-title":"Transplant-free survival and interventions at 6 years in the SVR trial.","volume":"137","author":"Newburger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.04.046","article-title":"Left ventricular hypoplasia: a spectrum of disease involving the left ventricular outflow tract, aortic valve, and aorta.","volume":"59","author":"Hickey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"V_6","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-967267","article-title":"Biventricular repair in children with hypoplastic left heart complex.","volume":"55","author":"Akint\u00fcrk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.92.6.1531","article-title":"Left heart obstructive lesions and left ventricular growth in the midtrimester fetus. A longitudinal study.","volume":"92","author":"Hornberger","year":"1995","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.588194","article-title":"Fetal aortic valve stenosis and the evolution of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: patient selection for fetal intervention.","volume":"113","author":"M\u00e4kikallio","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcts.2004.10.034","article-title":"Borderline left ventricle.","volume":"27","author":"Corno","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiothorac Surg."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.14688","article-title":"Maternal hyperoxygenation improves left heart filling in fetuses with atrial septal aneurysm causing impediment to left ventricular inflow.","volume":"45","author":"Channing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-016-1395-6","article-title":"Persistent left superior vena cava connected to the coronary sinus in the fetus: effects on cardiac structure and flow dynamics.","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5273(89)90226-X","article-title":"The natural history of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"25","author":"Allan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.66.6.419","article-title":"Left ventricular dysfunction in the fetus: relation to aortic valve anomalies and endocardial fibroelastosis.","volume":"66","author":"Sharland","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Heart J."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.77.3.205","article-title":"Natural history and outcome of aortic stenosis diagnosed prenatally.","volume":"77","author":"Simpson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Heart."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15876","article-title":"Natural history of 107 cases of fetal aortic stenosis from a European multicenter retrospective study.","volume":"48","author":"Gardiner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.23689","article-title":"Fetal growth of left-sided structures and postnatal surgical outcomes in the \u2018borderline\u2019 left heart varies by cardiac phenotype.","volume":"59","author":"Venardos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1159\/000489123","article-title":"Chronic maternal hyperoxygenation and effect on cerebral and placental vasoregulation and neurodevelopment in fetuses with left heart hypoplasia.","volume":"46","author":"Edwards","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1053\/j.pcsu.2013.01.003","article-title":"Strategies to maintain biventricular circulation in patients with high-risk anatomy.","volume":"16","author":"Emani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.2824","article-title":"Development of hypoplastic left heart syndrome after diagnosis of aortic stenosis in the first trimester by early echocardiography.","volume":"28","author":"Axt-Fliedner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.08.022","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular endocardial fibroelastosis in fetuses with aortic stenosis and evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"106","author":"McElhinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-111590","article-title":"endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle affects right ventricular performance in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a prospective study using M-mode, PW- and tissue Doppler techniques.","volume":"39","author":"Graupner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/s0002-9149(00)00733-5","article-title":"World experience of percutaneous ultrasound-guided balloon valvuloplasty in human fetuses with severe aortic valve obstruction.","volume":"85","author":"Kohl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.65.5.256","article-title":"Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus: a report of two cases.","volume":"65","author":"Maxwell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br Heart J."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1159\/000264318","article-title":"Balloon dilatation of the aortic valve in the fetus. A case report.","volume":"11","author":"Lopes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009032","article-title":"Fetal aortic valvuloplasty for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome: postnatal outcomes of the first 100 patients.","volume":"130","author":"Freud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000144357.29279.54","article-title":"Balloon dilation of severe aortic stenosis in the fetus: potential for prevention of hypoplastic left heart syndrome: candidate selection, technique, and results of successful intervention.","volume":"110","author":"Tworetzky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.848994","article-title":"Predictors of technical success and postnatal biventricular outcome after in utero aortic valvuloplasty for aortic stenosis with evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"120","author":"McElhinney","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.17530","article-title":"Improved technical success, postnatal outcome and refined predictors of outcome for fetal aortic valvuloplasty.","volume":"52","author":"Friedman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.8927","article-title":"Intrauterine aortic valvuloplasty in fetuses with critical aortic stenosis: experience and results of 24 procedures.","volume":"37","author":"Arzt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092888","article-title":"Fetal cardiac interventions-polish experience from \u2018zero\u2019 to the third world largest program.","volume":"9","author":"Debska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.22138","article-title":"Fetal aortic valvuloplasty may rescue fetuses with critical aortic stenosis and hydrops.","volume":"57","author":"Tulzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24792","article-title":"Valvuloplasty in 103 fetuses with critical aortic stenosis: outcome and new predictors for postnatal circulation.","volume":"59","author":"Tulzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.05.037","article-title":"International fetal cardiac intervention registry: a worldwide collaborative description and preliminary outcomes.","volume":"66","author":"Moon-Grady","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1159\/000460247","article-title":"Fetal aortic valvuloplasty: experience and results of two tertiary centers in Spain.","volume":"42","author":"Galindo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-013-0792-3","article-title":"Fetal interventions for congenital heart disease in Brazil.","volume":"35","author":"Pedra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.28846","article-title":"Procedural, pregnancy, and short-term outcomes after fetal aortic valvuloplasty.","volume":"96","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11531-5","article-title":"Fetal pulmonary valvuloplasty for critical pulmonary stenosis or atresia with intact septum.","volume":"360","author":"Tulzer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.24807","article-title":"Postnatal circulation in patients with aortic stenosis undergoing fetal aortic valvuloplasty: systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"59","author":"Vorisek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18913","article-title":"Fetal hemodynamic response to aortic valvuloplasty and postnatal outcome: a European multicenter study.","volume":"52","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.13447","article-title":"Fetal aortic valvuloplasty: investigating institutional bias in surgical decision-making.","volume":"44","author":"Kovacevic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5232","article-title":"Early hemodynamic changes after fetal aortic stenosis valvuloplasty predict biventricular circulation at birth.","volume":"38","author":"Prosnitz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5885","article-title":"Late gestation predictors of a postnatal biventricular circulation after fetal aortic valvuloplasty.","volume":"41","author":"Beattie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2005.04.055","article-title":"Aortic valvuloplasty in the fetus: technical characteristics of successful balloon dilation.","volume":"147","author":"Marshall","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.08.636","article-title":"Aortic stenosis and severe mitral regurgitation in the fetus resulting in giant left atrium and hydrops: pathophysiology, outcomes, and preliminary experience with pre-natal cardiac intervention.","volume":"57","author":"Vogel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1159\/000502840","article-title":"Fetal cardiac intervention in critical aortic stenosis with severe mitral regurgitation, severe left atrial enlargement, and restrictive foramen ovale.","volume":"47","author":"Mallmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006127","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.006127","article-title":"Fetal aortic valvuloplasty for evolving hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a decision analysis.","volume":"13","author":"Pickard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-020-02294-2","article-title":"An overview of contemporary outcomes in fetal cardiac intervention: a case for high-volume superspecialization?","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1716717","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with prenatally diagnosed foramen ovale restriction: diagnosis, management and outcome.","volume":"35","author":"Jadczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.09.043","article-title":"Prediction and perinatal management of severely restrictive atrial septum in fetuses with critical left heart obstruction: clinical experience using pulmonary venous Doppler analysis.","volume":"141","author":"Divanovi\u0107","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-001-0038-7","article-title":"The influence of a restrictive atrial septal defect on pulmonary vascular morphology in patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"23","author":"Graziano","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00225-9","article-title":"The hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: atrial morphology, pulmonary vascular histopathology and outcome.","volume":"34","author":"Rychik","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492315606581","article-title":"Surgical outcome of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum.","volume":"23","author":"Arai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951115001791","article-title":"Management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum: a two-centre experience.","volume":"26","author":"Sathanandam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiol Young."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2114","article-title":"Results of in utero atrial septoplasty in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"28","author":"Marshall","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000135471.17922.17","article-title":"Creation of an atrial septal defect in utero for fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact or highly restrictive atrial septum.","volume":"110","author":"Marshall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.02.126","article-title":"In utero cardiac fetal surgery: laser atrial septotomy in the treatment of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact atrial septum.","volume":"193","author":"Quintero","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.01.173","article-title":"Fetal stenting of the atrial septum: technique and initial results in cardiac lesions with left atrial hypertension.","volume":"168","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5405","article-title":"Percutaneous ultrasound-guided stenting of the atrial septum in fetal sheep.","volume":"32","author":"Schmidt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jimed.2020.01.009","article-title":"Creation of high position fetal balloon atrial septoplasty for hypoplastic left heart syndrome and highly restrictive atrial septum: a case report and literature review.","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Interv Med."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25098","article-title":"Technical challenges of atrial septal stent placement in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and intact atrial septum.","volume":"84","author":"Kalish","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter Cardiovasc Interv."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025873","article-title":"Hypoplastic left heart syndrome with intact or restrictive atrial septum: a report from the international fetal cardiac intervention registry.","volume":"136","author":"Jantzen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa005","article-title":"Atrial septum stenting in a foetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and restrictive foramen ovale: an alternative to emergency atrioseptectomy in the newborn-a case report.","volume":"4","author":"Tulzer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Case Rep."},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.109.848432","article-title":"Vasoreactive response to maternal hyperoxygenation in the fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"3","author":"Szwast","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Imaging."},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.15846","article-title":"Pilot study of chronic maternal hyperoxygenation and effect on aortic and mitral valve annular dimensions in fetuses with left heart hypoplasia.","volume":"48","author":"Lara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.18919","article-title":"Cerebrovascular response to maternal hyperoxygenation in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome depends on gestational age and baseline cerebrovascular resistance.","volume":"52","author":"Szwast","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol."},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1007\/s00246-009-9600-5","article-title":"Chronic intermittent materno-fetal hyperoxygenation in late gestation may improve on hypoplastic cardiovascular structures associated with cardiac malformations in human fetuses.","volume":"31","author":"Kohl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Cardiol."},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1385668","article-title":"Pulmonary vasoreactivity to materno-fetal hyperoxygenation testing in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart.","volume":"37","author":"Enzensberger","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med."},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1161\/01.cir.97.3.257","article-title":"Reactivity of the human fetal pulmonary circulation to maternal hyperoxygenation increases during the second half of pregnancy: a randomized study.","volume":"97","author":"Rasanen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199108000-00007","article-title":"Effect of birth-related events on metabolism in fetal sheep.","volume":"30","author":"Iwamoto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0604-4","article-title":"Maternal hyperoxygenation for the human fetus: should studies be curtailed?","volume":"87","author":"Rudolph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Res."},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-20-226","article-title":"Maternal hyperoxygenation in congenital heart disease.","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr."},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603991","article-title":"Prenatal maternal hyperoxygenation testing and implications for critical care delivery planning among fetuses with congenital heart disease: early experience.","volume":"35","author":"Schidlow","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol."},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1159\/000519322","article-title":"Maternal hyperoxygenation testing in fetuses with hypoplastic left-heart syndrome: association with postnatal atrial septal restriction.","volume":"48","author":"Mardy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther."},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.534180","article-title":"Predictive value of fetal pulmonary venous flow patterns in identifying the need for atrial septoplasty in the newborn with hypoplastic left ventricle.","volume":"112","author":"Michelfelder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.01.033","article-title":"Intrauterine pulmonary venous flow and restrictive foramen ovale in fetal hypoplastic left heart syndrome.","volume":"43","author":"Taketazu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol."},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.81.6.646","article-title":"Pattern of pulmonary venous blood flow in the hypoplastic left heart syndrome in the fetus.","volume":"81","author":"Better","year":"1999","journal-title":"Heart."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.944813\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T06:04:02Z","timestamp":1657260242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2022.944813\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2022.944813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2022.944813","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]]},"article-number":"944813"}}