{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T18:56:27Z","timestamp":1793213787029,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>There remains controversy regarding vitamin D deficiency and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) preterm infants. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency assessed by umbilical cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in preterm infants in northeast China and to evaluate the ability and optimal threshold of 25(OH)D for predicting BPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The clinical data of VLBW and ELBW preterm infants with known cord-blood 25(OH)D levels were analyzed retrospectively. Infants were divided into groups based on their cord-blood 25(OH)D levels and BPD diagnosis. Logistic regression was performed to assess the risk factors for BPD and a nomogram was established. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the optimal threshold of cord-blood 25(OH)D concentration for predicting BPD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 267 preterm infants were included, of which 225 (84.3%) exhibited vitamin D deficiency and 134 (50.2%) were diagnosed with BPD. The incidence of BPD was lower in the group with a 25(OH)D level of &amp;gt;20 ng\/ml than in the other groups (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.024). Infants with BPD had lower cord-blood 25(OH)D levels than those without BPD (11.6 vs. 13.6 ng\/ml, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016). The multivariate logistic regression model revealed that 25(OH)D levels (odds ratio [OR] = 0.933, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.891\u20130.977), gestational age (OR = 0.561, 95% CI: 0.425\u20130.740), respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 2.989, 95% CI: 1.455\u20136.142), and pneumonia (OR = 2.546, 95% CI: 1.398\u20134.639) were independent risk factors for BPD. A predictive nomogram containing these four risk factors was established, which had a C-index of 0.814. ROC curve analysis revealed that the optimal cutoff value of 25(OH)D for predicting BPD was 15.7 ng\/ml (area under the curve = 0.585, 95% CI: 0.523\u20130.645, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.016), with a sensitivity of 75.4% and a specificity of 42.9%.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cord-blood 25(OH)D level of &amp;lt;15.7 ng\/ml was predictively valuable for the development of BPD. The nomogram established in this study can help pediatricians predict the risk of BPD more effectively and easily.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.956952","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T05:45:35Z","timestamp":1659591935000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Utility of umbilical cord blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels for predicting bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants with very low and extremely low birth weight"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Haoting","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1000","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25338.1","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"9","author":"Sahni","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23235","article-title":"Epidemiology of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"100","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2019.1648215","article-title":"Predicting the likelihood of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature neonates","volume":"13","author":"Philpot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev Respir Med."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00564","article-title":"Predicting BPD: lessons learned from the airway microbiome of preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Gentle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Pediatr."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13968","article-title":"Global prevalence and disease burden of vitamin D deficiency: a roadmap for action in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"1430","author":"Roth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1683-7","article-title":"Trajectory of vitamin D status during pregnancy in relation to neonatal birth size and fetal survival: a prospective cohort study","volume":"18","author":"B\u00e4rebring","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7755","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919307","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pregnant women in southern china and risk of preterm birth: a large-scale retrospective cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2018.02.013","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and respiratory morbidity among African American very low birth weight infants","volume":"119","author":"Kazzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790839","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.790839","article-title":"des Robert C, Landrier JF, et al. 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