{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:22:43Z","timestamp":1789212163631,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Investigations regarding the association between maternal smoking and specific urogenital teratogenesis exist. However, an integrated systematic review and meta-analysis studying the relationship by encompassing the whole urogenital system is essential.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Even though many studies about inborn urogenital malformations have been conducted, its etiologic factors and exact pathogenesis are still unclear. Our aim is to assess the risk of congenital urogenital malformations in offspring of smoking pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The meta-analysis, covering 41 case-control and 11 cohort studies, suggested that maternal smoking was associated with an increased risk of urogenital teratogenesis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.13, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.04\u20131.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.005), cryptorchidism (OR = 1.18, 95%CI: 1.12-1.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001), hypospadias (OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 1.01-1.33, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.039), and kidney malformations (OR = 1.30, 95%CI: 1.14-1.48, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001). Moreover, paternal smoking during the mother\u2019s pregnancy was also significantly associated (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 1.03-1.55, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.028). The association between smoking &amp;gt; 10 cigarettes\/day was evident but was not significant (OR = 1.24, 95%CI:0.81-1.88, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.323).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results showed that maternal smoking during pregnancy increased the risk of congenital urogenital malformations. In numerous epidemiological studies, maternal smoking during pregnancy has a significant role in fetal development. Therefore, quitting tobacco use may be an effective method for reducing the risk of congenital urogenital malformation in pregnant women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.973016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]],"date-time":"2022-10-03T15:17:09Z","timestamp":1664810229000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urogenital malformations: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Cheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue-Yu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen-Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guang-Hui","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/bdra.23500","article-title":"Maternal risk factors involved in specific congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract: a case-control study.","volume":"106","author":"Groen In\u2019t Woud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.08.007","article-title":"Maternal active smoking and risk of oral clefts: a meta-analysis.","volume":"122","author":"Xuan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112645","article-title":"Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the occurrence of spontaneous abortion and congenital abnormality.","volume":"108","author":"Himmelberger","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420340109","article-title":"Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy.","volume":"34","author":"Shiono","year":"1986","journal-title":"Teratology."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197710132971501","article-title":"Smoking: a risk factor for spontaneous abortion.","volume":"297","author":"Kline","year":"1977","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116180","article-title":"Maternal smoking, low birth weight, and ethnicity in relation to sudden infant death syndrome.","volume":"134","author":"Li","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000194079.66834.d5","article-title":"Smoking habits, nicotine use, and congenital malformations.","volume":"107","author":"Morales-Su\u00e1rez-Varela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1984.10472303","article-title":"Smoking and pregnancy.","volume":"16","author":"Abel","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Psycho Drugs."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.86.2.249","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies.","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Public Health."},{"key":"B10","first-page":"371","article-title":"Effect of nicotine on human fetal blood flow.","volume":"72","author":"Lindblad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Obstetr Gynecol."},{"key":"B11","first-page":"435","article-title":"Smoking and buccally administered nicotine. 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