{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:52:32Z","timestamp":1792633952735,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper discusses possibilities for early detection and early intervention in infants with or at increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The brain's high rate of developmental activity in the early years post-term challenges early detection. It also offers opportunities for early intervention and facilitation of school readiness. The paper proposes that in the first year post-term two early detection options are feasible for LMICs: (a) caregiver screening questionnaires that carry little costs but predict neurodevelopmental disorders only moderately well; (b) the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination and Standardized Infant NeuroDevelopmental Assessment (SINDA) which are easy tools that predict neurodisability well but require assessment by health professionals. The young brain's neuroplasticity offers great opportunities for early intervention. Ample evidence indicates that families play a critical role in early intervention of infants at increased risk of neurodevelopmental disorders. Other interventional key elements are responsive parenting and stimulation of infant development. The intervention's composition and delivery mode depend on the infant's risk profile. For instance, in infants with moderately increased risk (e.g., preterm infants) lay community health workers may provide major parts of intervention, whereas in children with neurodisability (e.g., cerebral palsy) health professionals play a larger role.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.989518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T07:54:06Z","timestamp":1666338846000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The developing brain: Challenges and opportunities to promote school readiness in young children at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in low- and middle-income countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Mijna","family":"Hadders-Algra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e438","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00488-5","article-title":"Accelerating progress on early childhood development for children under 5 years with disabilities by 2030","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288103","article-title":"Davis A on behalf of the Global Research on Developmental Disabilities Collaborators (GRDDC). repositioning global child health for inclusive education and development","volume":"100","author":"Olusanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1100","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30309-7","article-title":"Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20201119","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-1119","article-title":"The increasing global burden of childhood disability: a call for action","volume":"146","author":"Vawter-Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B5","volume-title":"Sustainable development goals","year":"2015"},{"key":"B6","article-title":"Children with disabilities: achievements, prospects, and challenges ahead","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook on children's rights law","author":"Sabatello","year":"2022"},{"key":"B7","volume-title":"SDG United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). 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