{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:43:53Z","timestamp":1790822633944,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and abnormal brain development share similar risk factors and mechanisms. There has been contrasting evidence on the association of ROP with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed the association between ROP at levels of severity and treatment with all neurodevelopmental outcomes until adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data source<\/jats:title><jats:p>We followed PRISMA guidelines and searched Medline and Embase between 1 August 1990 and 31 March 2022.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study selection and participants<\/jats:title><jats:p>Randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials and observational studies on preterm infants (&amp;lt;37 weeks) with ROP [type 1 or severe ROP, type 2 or milder ROP, laser or anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treated] were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Data extraction and synthesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included studies on ROP and any neurocognitive or neuropsychiatric outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Outcomes<\/jats:title><jats:p>The primary outcomes were as follows: cognitive composite scores evaluated between the ages of 18 and 48 months by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID) or equivalent; neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI; moderate to severe NDI or severe NDI), cerebral palsy, cognitive impairment; and neuropsychiatric or behavioural problems. The secondary outcomes were as follows: motor and language composite scores evaluated between the ages of 18 and 48 months by BSID or equivalent; motor\/language impairment; and moderate\/severe NDI as defined by the authors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In preterm infants, \u201cany ROP\u201d was associated with an increased risk of cognitive impairment or intellectual disability [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200983,506; odds ratio (OR): 2.56; 95% CI: 1.40\u20134.69; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002], cerebral palsy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093,706; OR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.72\u20132.96; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), behavioural problems (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200981,439; OR: 2.45; 95% CI: 1.03\u20135.83; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04), or NDI as defined by authors (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091,930; OR: 3.83; 95% CI: 1.61\u20139.12; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002). Type 1 or severe ROP increased the risk of cerebral palsy (OR: 2.19; 95% CI: 1.23\u20133.88; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.07), cognitive impairment or intellectual disability (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095,167; OR: 3.56; 95% CI: 2.6\u20134.86; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and behavioural problems (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095,500; OR: 2.76; 95% CI: 2.11\u20133.60; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) more than type 2 ROP at 18\u201324 months. Infants treated with anti-VEGF had higher odds of moderate cognitive impairment than the laser surgery group if adjusted data (gestational age, sex severe intraventricular haemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, sepsis, surgical necrotising enterocolitis, and maternal education) were analysed [adjusted OR (aOR): 1.93; 95% CI: 1.23\u20133.03; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04], but not for cerebral palsy (aOR: 1.29; 95% CI: 0.65\u20132.56; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.45). All outcomes were adjudged with a \u201cvery low\u201d certainty of evidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion and relevance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Infants with \u201cany ROP\u201d had higher risks of cognitive impairment or intellectual disability, cerebral palsy, and behavioural problems. Anti-VEGF treatment increased the risk of moderate cognitive impairment. These results support the association of ROP and anti-VEGF treatment with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Systematic Review Registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/, identifier: CRD42022326009.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1055813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:51:47Z","timestamp":1678855907000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Retinopathy of prematurity and neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shivashankar","family":"Diggikar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puvaneswari","family":"Gurumoorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Trif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Mudura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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