{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T21:45:58Z","timestamp":1775598358028,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a retinal vascular disease with a high incidence in premature infants and is a leading cause of childhood blindness worldwide. The purpose of our study was to analyze the association between the use of probiotics and retinopathy of prematurity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study retrospectively collected clinical data of premature infants with gestational age &amp;lt;32 weeks and birth weight &amp;lt;1500\u2005g admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021 in Suzhou Municipal Hospital, China. Demographic and clinical data of the inclusion population were collected. The outcome was the occurrence of ROP. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables, while the t-test and the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U rank-sum test were used for continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between probiotics and ROP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 443 preterm infants met the inclusion criteria, of which 264 didn't receive probiotics and 179 were supplemented with probiotics. There were 121 newborns with ROP in the included population. The results of univariate analysis showed that the preterm infants with and without probiotics were significantly different in the gestational age, the birth weight, the one-minute Apgar score, the oxygen inhalation time, the acceptance rate of invasive mechanical ventilation, the prevalence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, ROP and severe intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Unadjusted univariate logistic regression model result showed that probiotics (OR 0.383, 95% CI 0.240\u223c0.611) were the factors affecting ROP in preterm infants (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Multivariate logistic regression result (OR 0.575, 95% CI 0.333\u223c0.994) was consistent with univariate analysis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study showed that probiotic was associated with a reduced risk of ROP in preterm infants with gestational age of &amp;lt;32 weeks and birth weight of &amp;lt;1500\u2005g, but more large-scale prospective studies are still needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1055992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T05:49:07Z","timestamp":1676958547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The relationship between probiotics and retinopathy of prematurity in preterm infants: A population-based retrospective study in China."],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wen Hua","family":"Bai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan Feng","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu Hong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zu Ming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li Jun","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2014.12.017","article-title":"Guidelines for retinopathy of prematurity screening in China","volume":"50","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70006-8","article-title":"National and regional estimates of term and preterm babies born small for gestational age in 138 low-income and middle-income countries in 2010","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e518","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-1180","article-title":"Characteristics of infants with severe retinopathy of prematurity in countries with low, moderate, and high levels of development: implications for screening programs","volume":"115","author":"Gilbert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5918736","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5918736","article-title":"A prospective study of the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in China: evaluation of different screening criteria","volume":"2016","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-5501.2015.03.001","article-title":"Multicenter survey on the clinical features and fundus lesions of retinopathy in premature infants in mainland China","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Evid Based Pediatr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171467","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity: a comprehensive risk analysis for prevention and prediction of disease","volume":"12","author":"Owen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-5-18","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity and risk factors: a prospective cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Karna","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"665","article-title":"Risk factors of threshold retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"41","author":"Dutta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20153387","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-3387","article-title":"Interventions to prevent retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis","volume":"137","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2011.08.007","article-title":"Perinatal infection, inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000312821","article-title":"Infection, oxygen, and immaturity: interacting risk factors for retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"99","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-007-9066-0","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD009734","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009734.pub3","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs for treatment of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"1","author":"Sankar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2429","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2429","article-title":"Prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis with probiotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Sawh","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpedi.2015.07.038","article-title":"[Probiotic associations in the prevention of necrotising enterocolitis and the reduction of late-onset sepsis and neonatal mortality in preterm infants under 1,500g: a systematic review]","volume":"85","author":"Baucells","year":"2016","journal-title":"An Pediatr (Barc)"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.03.010","article-title":"The early gut microbiome could protect against severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"24","author":"Skondra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J AAPOS"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13465-2","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation in preterm infants does not affect the risk of retinopathy of prematurity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"7","author":"Cavallaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-624","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of probiotics on feeding intolerance in preterm infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00432","article-title":"Probiotics supplementation therapy for pathological neonatal jaundice: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1974","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1974","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"375","author":"Gilfillan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-3955(16)34975-6","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria","volume":"33","author":"Walsh","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Neurology of the newborn","volume":"22","author":"Volpe","year":"1981","journal-title":"Major Probl Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0578-1310.2019.04.005","article-title":"Professional committee of infectious diseases NSCMDA. [expert consensus on the diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis (version 2019)]","volume":"57","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.123.7.991","article-title":"The international classification of retinopathy of prematurity revisited","volume":"123","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.11852\/zgetbjzz2019-0070","article-title":"Research progress on probiotics in preventing necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants","volume":"27","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin J Child Health Care"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"F354","article-title":"Probiotics for preterm infants?","volume-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","author":"Millar","year":"2003"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-020-00278-2","article-title":"The gut-eye axis: lessons learned from murine models","volume":"9","author":"Floyd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01738-6","article-title":"The bacterial gut microbiome of probiotic-treated very-preterm infants: changes from admission to discharge","volume":"92","author":"Westaway","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2020.9424","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity and neonatal gut microbiome: an interview with professor dimitra skondra, associate professor of ophthalmology and vitreoretinal surgeon at the university of Chicago (USA)","volume":"20","author":"Mammas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e3181df5ff2","article-title":"Comparative effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on growth factors in the large bowel in a rat model of formula-induced bowel inflammation","volume":"51","author":"Fordjour","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"B31","first-page":"459","article-title":"Benefits of pre-, pro- and syn-biotics for lung angiogenesis in malnutritional rats exposed to intermittent hypoxia","volume":"6","author":"Ahmad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1021\/jf506326t","article-title":"Probiotics as potential antioxidants: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000184","article-title":"Probiotic attributes, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory effects of Enterococcus faecium CFR 3003: in vitro and in vivo evidence","volume":"64","author":"Divyashri","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1055992\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]],"date-time":"2023-02-21T05:49:18Z","timestamp":1676958558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1055992\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1055992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1055992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,21]]},"article-number":"1055992"}}