{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:06:52Z","timestamp":1790719612258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to evaluate (1) whether sedation analgesia (SA) used during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) was efficient to support the wellbeing of neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, (2) the SA level and its adjustment to clinical pain scores, and (3) the impact of inadequate SA on short-term neonatal outcomes evaluated at discharge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was an observational retrospective study performed between 2011 and 2018 in two level III centers in Alsace, France. We analyzed the wellbeing of infants by using the COMFORT-Behavior (COMFORT-B) clinical score and SA level during TH, according to which we classified infants into four groups: those with excess SA, adequate SA, lack of SA, and variability of SA. We analyzed the variations in doses of SA and their justification. We also determined the impact of inadequate SA on neonatal outcomes at discharge by multivariate analyses with multinomial regression, with adequate SA as the reference.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 110 patients were included, 89 from Strasbourg university hospital and 21 from Mulhouse hospital. The COMFORT-B score was assessed 95.5% of the time. Lack of SA was mainly found on the first day of TH (15\/110, 14%). In all, 62 of 110 (57%) infants were in excess of SA over the entire duration of TH. Most dose variations were related to clinical pain scores. Inadequate SA was associated with negative short-term consequences. Infants with excess of SA had a longer duration of mechanical ventilation [mean ratio 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13\u20131.89, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005] and higher incidence of abnormal neurological examination at discharge (odds ratio 2.61, 95% CI, 1.10\u20136.18, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029) than infants with adequate SA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adequate SA was not easy to achieve during TH. Close and regular monitoring of SA level may help achieve adequate SA. Excess of SA can be harmful for newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy who are undergoing TH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1057724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]],"date-time":"2023-03-09T06:13:00Z","timestamp":1678342380000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Adequacy of sedation analgesia to support the comfort of neonates undergoing therapeutic hypothermia and its impact on short-term neonatal outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Pauline","family":"Nakhleh-Philippe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Zores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Stern-Delfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beno\u00eet","family":"Escande","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Astruc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Severac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2000.tb00243.x","article-title":"Resuscitative hypothermia protects the neonatal rat brain from hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"10","author":"Nedelcu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Pathol Zurich Switz"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2004.06.014","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia in neonatal encephalopathy: efficacy outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Eicher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17946-X","article-title":"Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial","volume":"365","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-2839","article-title":"Determinants of outcomes after head cooling for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"119","author":"Wyatt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e791","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2008-0456","article-title":"Outcomes of safety and effectiveness in a multicenter randomized, controlled trial of whole-body hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"122","author":"Shankaran","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2016.05.009","article-title":"Hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic\u2013ischemic encephalopathy: NICHD Neonatal Research Network contribution to the field","volume":"40","author":"Shankaran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Perinatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-8-17","article-title":"The TOBY study. 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