{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T00:11:12Z","timestamp":1773965472770,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1676505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by the lack of response to standard steroid therapy, usually progressing to end-stage renal disease. We reported two cases of female identical twins with SRNS caused by <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> variants in one family, reviewed the relevant literature, and summarized their clinical phenotypes, pathological types, and genotypic characteristics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two cases of nephrotic syndrome caused by <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> variants were admitted to Tongji Hospital, affiliated with Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Their clinical data were retrospectively collected, and the peripheral blood genomic DNA was captured and sequenced by whole exome sequencing. Related literature published in PubMed, CNKI, and Wan fang databases was reviewed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We described two Chinese identical twin girls with isolated SRNS due to compound heterozygous variants in the <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> (intron4 c.261\u2009+\u20091G\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009A and intron12 c.1298\u2009+\u20096T\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009C). The patients were followed up for 60.0 months and 53.0 months, respectively, having no extra-renal manifestations. They all died due to renal failure. A total of 31 children with <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> variants causing nephrotic syndrome (including the reported two cases) were identified through a literature review.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These two female identical twins were the first reported cases of isolated SRNS caused by <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> variants. Almost all homozygous and compound heterozygous variants of <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> had extra-renal manifestations, but compound heterozygous variants in the intron of <jats:italic>SGPL1<\/jats:italic> may have no obvious extra-renal manifestations. Additionally, a negative genetic testing result does not completely rule out genetic SRNS because the Human Gene Mutation Database or ClinVar is constantly being updated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1079758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,16]],"date-time":"2023-02-16T11:16:19Z","timestamp":1676546179000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome associated with certain SGPL1 variants in a family: Case report and literature 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