{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T00:41:42Z","timestamp":1793407302710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677110400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000923","name":"Australian Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE210101549, DE180101138"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE210101549, DE180101138"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adenoid hypertrophy (AH) is an obstructive condition due to enlarged adenoids, causing mouth breathing, nasal blockage, snoring and\/or restless sleep. While reliable diagnostic techniques, such as lateral soft tissue x-ray imaging or flexible nasopharyngoscopy, have been widely adopted in general practice, the actual impact of airway obstruction on nasal airflow and inhalation exposure to drug aerosols remains largely unknown. In this study, the effects of adenoid hypertrophy on airflow and micron particle inhalation exposure characteristics were analysed by virtually comparing pre- and postoperative models based on a realistic 3-year-old nasal airway with AH. More specifically, detailed comparison focused on anatomical shape variations, overall airflow and olfactory ventilation, associated particle deposition in overall and local regions were conducted. Our results indicate that the enlarged adenoid tissue can significantly alter the airflow fields. By virtually removing the enlarged tissue and restoring the airway, peak velocity and wall shear stress were restored, and olfactory ventilation was considerably improved (with a 16\u223c63% improvement in terms of local ventilation speed). Furthermore, particle deposition results revealed that nasal airway with AH exhibits higher particle filtration tendency with densely packed deposition hot spots being observed along the floor region and enlarged adenoid tissue area. While for the postoperative model, the deposition curve was shifted to the right. The local deposition efficiency results demonstrated that more particles with larger inertia can be delivered to the targeted affected area following Adenoidectomy (Adenoid Removal). Research findings are expected to provide scientific evidence for adenoidectomy planning and aerosol therapy following Adenoidectomy, which can substantially improve present clinical treatment outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1083699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]],"date-time":"2023-02-23T12:43:07Z","timestamp":1677156187000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Numerical modelling of micron particle inhalation in a realistic nasal airway with pediatric adenoid hypertrophy: A virtual comparison between pre- and postoperative models"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Qinyuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingliang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyuan","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21523","article-title":"Climate-related variation of the human nasal cavity","volume":"145","author":"Noback","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.05.002","article-title":"Air-conditioning in the human nasal cavity","volume":"163","author":"Elad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12085","article-title":"Mucociliary clearance: pathophysiological aspects","volume":"34","author":"Munkholm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Physiol Funct Imaging"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110615","article-title":"The exposure risk of typical VOCs to the human beings via inhalation based on the respiratory deposition rates by proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometer","volume":"197","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-3659(02)00363-2","article-title":"Nasal drug delivery\u2014possibilities, problems and solutions","volume":"87","author":"Illum","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.024","article-title":"Nasal drug delivery \u2014 recent developments and future prospects","volume":"161","author":"Illum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Controlled Release"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118813","article-title":"Nasal route for vaccine and drug delivery: features and current opportunities","volume":"572","author":"Lobaina Mato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00058-6","article-title":"Anatomy, physiology and function of the nasal cavities in health and disease","volume":"29","author":"Mygind","year":"1998","journal-title":"Adv Drug Delivery Rev"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.01.012","article-title":"Numerical simulations for detailed airflow dynamics in a human nasal cavity","volume":"161","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2008.0713","article-title":"Interindividual Variability in Nasal Filtration as a Function of Nasal Cavity Geometry","volume":"22","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948309200304","article-title":"Experimental Study of Velocity Fields in a Human Nasal Fossa by Laser Anemometry","volume":"92","author":"Girardin","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann otology Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.4.1767","article-title":"Correlations between flow resistance and geometry in a model of the human nose","volume":"75","author":"Schreck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/027868290883360","article-title":"Particle Deposition in Human Nasal Airway Replicas Manufactured by Different Methods. 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