{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T01:05:55Z","timestamp":1785546355287,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most common symptom attributed to ankyloglossia is difficulty breast feeding due to poor latch, inefficient milk extraction and\/or maternal nipple pain. During the past two decades, despite a declining birth rate, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of infants diagnosed with and treated for ankyloglossia in the United States, Canada and Australia. Despite a dramatic increase in the diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia in these countries, there remains no universally agreed upon definition of ankyloglossia and none of the published scoring systems have been rigorously validated. However ankyloglossia is defined, the majority of infants with ankyloglossia are asymptomatic. Perhaps, infants with ankyloglossia have a greater incidence of difficulty breast feeding. Lingual frenulotomy may decrease maternal pain and at least transiently improve the quality of breast feeding in some infants however no published studies take into account the fact that sucking and feeding are soothing to infants and the observed improvements immediately following frenulotomy may be a response to the pain associated with the procedure rather than a result of the procedure itself. While there are almost certainly some infants in whom tongue-tie interferes with breast-feeding, there is currently no good evidence lingual frenulotomy leads to longer duration of breast-feeding. Frenulotomy appears to be a generally safe procedure however there are reports of serious complications. Finally, there are no studies of long-term outcomes following frenulotomy during infancy and given traditional thinking that the lingual frenulum is a cord of connective tissue tethering the tongue to the floor of the mouth may be incorrect and the frenulum contains motor and sensory branches of the lingual nerve, the procedure may be less benign than previously thought.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1086942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T12:59:13Z","timestamp":1682427553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["What is tongue-tie and does it interfere with breast-feeding? \u2013 a brief review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Borowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1891\/215805311807011467","article-title":"Infant reflux and aerophagia associated with the maxillary lip-tie and ankyloglossia (tongue-tie)","volume":"2","author":"Kotlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Lact"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.14740\/ijcp246w","article-title":"Aerophagia induced reflux in breastfeeding infants with ankyloglossia and shortened maxillary labial frenula (tongue and lip tie)","volume":"5","author":"Siegel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1467","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-0660","article-title":"Treatment of ankyloglossia for reasons other than breastfeeding: a systematic review","volume":"135","author":"Chinnadurai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599817690135","article-title":"Ankyloglossia and lingual frenotomy: national trends in inpatient diagnosis and management in the United States, 1997\u20132012","volume":"156","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxx112","article-title":"Changes in the incidence and surgical treatment of ankyloglossia in Canada","volume":"22","author":"Lisonek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00438","article-title":"Frenotomy for tongue-tie in Australian children, 2006\u20132016: an increasing problem","volume":"208","author":"Kapoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14242","article-title":"What does the world think of ankyloglossia?","volume":"107","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23343","article-title":"What is a tongue tie? Defining the anatomy of the in-situ lingual frenulum","volume":"32","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1891\/2158-0782.8.3.93","article-title":"Assessment and classification of tongue-tie","volume":"8","author":"Baeza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Lact"},{"key":"B10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Congenital tongue-tie and its impact on breastfeeding. American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Breastfeeding Newsletter","author":"Coryllos","year":"2004"},{"key":"B11","first-page":"259","article-title":"Ankyloglossia (tongue-tie): a diagnostic and treatment quandary","volume":"30","author":"Kotlow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Quintessence Int (Berl)"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262789","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia and tied maxillary fraenum in infants using Er: YAG and 1064 diode lasers","volume":"12","author":"Kotlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B13","volume-title":"The assessment tool for lingual frenulum function (ATLFF): Use in a lactation consultant private practice","author":"Hazelbaker","year":"1993"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-18462013005000032","article-title":"Lingual frenulum evaluation protocol for infants: relationship between anatomic and functional aspects","volume":"15","author":"Martinelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Revista CEFAC"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F344","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-307503","article-title":"The development of a tongue assessment tool to assist with tongue-tie identification","volume":"100","author":"Ingram","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-019-0224-y","article-title":"The development and evaluation of a picture tongue assessment tool for tongue-tie in breastfed babies (TABBY)","volume":"14","author":"Ingram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23410","article-title":"Defining the anatomy of the neonatal lingual frenulum","volume":"32","author":"Mills","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-01239-y","article-title":"The prevalence of ankyloglossia in children aged &lt; 1 year: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Hill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.126.1.36","article-title":"Ankyloglossia: incidence and associated feeding difficulties","volume":"126","author":"Messner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2018.12.013","article-title":"Evaluation of the lingual frenulum in newborns using two protocols and its association with breastfeeding","volume":"96","author":"Araujo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr (Rio J)"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2014.0040","article-title":"Prevalence of breastfeeding difficulties in newborns with a lingual frenulum: a prospective cohort series","volume":"9","author":"Haham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.18.1.1","article-title":"Newborn tongue-tie: prevalence and effect on breast-feeding","volume":"18","author":"Ricke","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Pract"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2214","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14924","article-title":"The role of tongue-tie in breastfeeding problems\u2014a prospective observational study","volume":"108","author":"Schlatter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1159\/000235682","article-title":"Much ado about nothing: two millenia of controversy on tongue-tie","volume":"97","author":"Obladen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoto.2017.0948","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia in newborns and infants: a review","volume":"143","author":"Walsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26306","article-title":"Breastfeeding improvement following tongue-tie and lip-tie release: a prospective cohort study","volume":"127","author":"Ghaheri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2011.0030","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial of tongue-tie division and its immediate effect on breastfeeding","volume":"7","author":"Berry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0077","article-title":"Efficacy of neonatal release of ankyloglossia: a randomized trial","volume":"128","author":"Buryk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F189","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2013-305031","article-title":"Randomised controlled trial of early frenotomy in breastfed infants with mild\u2013moderate tongue-tie","volume":"99","author":"Emond","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2005.00604.x","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of division of tongue-tie in infants with feeding problems","volume":"41","author":"Hogan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2006.05.024","article-title":"Immediate nipple pain relief after frenotomy in breast-fed infants with ankyloglossia: a randomized, prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Dollberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD011065","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD011065.pub2","article-title":"Frenotomy for tongue-tie in newborn infants","volume":"3","author":"O'Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B33","volume-title":"Frenectomy for the correction of ankyloglossia: a review of clinical effectiveness and guidelines","year":"2016"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2014-306211","article-title":"Tongue-tie and frenotomy in infants with breastfeeding difficulties: achieving a balance","volume":"100","author":"Power","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.07.013","article-title":"Hypovolemic shock after labial and lingual frenulectomy: a report of two cases","volume":"100","author":"Tracy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2020.0319","article-title":"Delayed hemorrhage following laser frenotomy leading to hypovolemic shock","volume":"16","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsc.2019.101323","article-title":"Submandibular abscess following frenulectomy in a 12-day-old infant","volume":"51","author":"Reinholdt","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg Case Rep"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.12773","article-title":"Acute feed refusal followed by S taphylococcus aureus wound infection after tongue-tie release","volume":"50","author":"Reid","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.14682","article-title":"Complications following frenotomy for ankyloglossia: a 24-month prospective New Zealand paediatric surveillance unit study","volume":"56","author":"Hale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13006-022-00481-w","article-title":"Complications and misdiagnoses associated with infant frenotomy: results of a healthcare professional survey","volume":"17","author":"O\u2019Connor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int Breastfeed J"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599820915457","article-title":"Clinical concensus statement on ankyloglossia in children","volume":"162","author":"Messner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B42","first-page":"e0268033","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of combined oral sucrose and non-nutritive sucking in pain management for infants: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.03.060","article-title":"The use of non-nutritive sucking to decrease the physiologic pain response during neonatal circumcision: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"193","author":"South","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1089\/bfm.2021.29179.ylf","article-title":"Academy of breastfeeding medicine position statement on ankyloglossia in breastfeeding dyads","volume":"16","author":"LeFort","year":"2021","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1086942\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,11]],"date-time":"2023-12-11T11:58:33Z","timestamp":1702295913000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1086942\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1086942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1086942","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"article-number":"1086942"}}