{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:18:34Z","timestamp":1788520714241,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Assisted reproductive technology (ART) increases the rate of preterm births, though few studies have analyzed outcomes for these infants. No data are available on 4-year-old children born prematurely after ART. The objective was to investigate whether ART affect the neurodevelopmental outcomes at 4 years in preterm infants born before 34 weeks of gestational age (GA).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 166 ART and 679 naturally conceived preterm infants born before 34 weeks GA between 2013 and 2015 enrolled in the Loire Infant Follow-up Team were included. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 4 years using the age and stage questionnaire (ASQ) and the need for therapy services. The association between the socio-economic and perinatal characteristics and non-optimal neurodevelopment at 4\u2005years was estimated. After adjustment, the ART preterm group remained significantly associated with a lower risk of having at least two domains in difficulty at ASQ: adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.13\u20130.88), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027. The factors independently associated with non-optimal neurodevelopment at 4\u2005years were male gender, low socio-economic level, and 25\u201330 weeks of GA at birth. The need for therapy services was similar between groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.079). The long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm children born after ART are very similar, or even better than that of the spontaneously conceived children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1123183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T05:35:05Z","timestamp":1687152905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Assisted reproductive techniques do not impact late neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Tiphaine","family":"Lefebvre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Flamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Olivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9raldine","family":"Gascoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Emmanuel","family":"Bouet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Roze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Barri\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Fr\u00e9our","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15437","article-title":"Short- and long-term outcomes in children born after assisted reproductive technology","volume":"126","author":"Pinborg","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174417000228","article-title":"The health outcomes of human offspring conceived by assisted reproductive technologies (ART)","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dev Orig Health Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60820-4","article-title":"National, regional, and worldwide estimates of preterm birth rates in the year 2010 with time trends since 1990 for selected countries: a systematic analysis and implications","volume":"379","author":"Blencowe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2218","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1301467","article-title":"Fertility treatments and multiple births in the United States","volume":"369","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.09.019","article-title":"Preterm birth and low birth weight among in vitro fertilization twins: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"148","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetr Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2016.10.010","article-title":"Short and long term outcomes of children conceived with assisted reproductive technology","volume":"207","author":"Turkgeldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Obstetr Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-54","article-title":"Neonatal outcomes among multiple births \u2264 32 weeks gestational age: does mode of conception have an impact? 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