{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T20:02:31Z","timestamp":1789156951637,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) are at significant risk for adverse outcomes including death and neurodevelopmental impairment. Neuromonitoring provides critical diagnostic and prognostic information for these infants. Modalities providing continuous monitoring include continuous electroencephalography (cEEG), amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), and heart rate variability. Serial bedside neuromonitoring techniques include cranial ultrasound and somatic and visual evoked potentials but may be limited by discrete time points of assessment. EEG, aEEG, and NIRS provide distinct and complementary information about cerebral function and oxygen utilization. Integrated use of these neuromonitoring modalities in addition to other potential techniques such as heart rate variability may best predict imaging outcomes and longer-term neurodevelopment. This review examines available bedside neuromonitoring techniques for the neonate with HIE in the context of therapeutic hypothermia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1138062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:08:52Z","timestamp":1678234132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optimal neuromonitoring techniques in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Valerie Y.","family":"Chock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Rao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisa P.","family":"Van Meurs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD003311","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003311.pub3","article-title":"Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"1","author":"Jacobs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e31823e96d7","article-title":"The American clinical neurophysiology Society's Guideline on continuous electroencephalography monitoring in neonates","volume":"28","author":"Shellhaas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F187","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2005.086314","article-title":"Defining the gap between electrographic seizure burden, clinical expression and staff recognition of neonatal seizures","volume":"93","author":"Murray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(02)00621-5","article-title":"Uncoupling of EEG-clinical neonatal seizures after antiepileptic drug use","volume":"28","author":"Scher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1302","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3777","article-title":"Treating EEG seizures in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"136","author":"Srinivasakumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e358","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0136","article-title":"Effect of treatment of subclinical neonatal seizures detected with aEEG: randomized, controlled trial","volume":"125","author":"van Rooij","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.07.007","article-title":"Implementation of a neurocritical care program: improved seizure detection and decreased antiseizure medication at discharge in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"64","author":"Bashir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073816664670","article-title":"Standardized treatment of neonatal Status epilepticus improves outcome","volume":"31","author":"Harris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814553799","article-title":"Neonatal neurocritical care service Is associated with decreased administration of seizure medication","volume":"30","author":"Wietstock","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073815592224","article-title":"Continuous video electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring for electrographic seizure diagnosis in neonates: a single-center study","volume":"31","author":"Wietstock","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.03.040","article-title":"Clinical neonatal seizures Are independently associated with outcome in infants at risk for hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"155","author":"Glass","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073810390036","article-title":"Electrographic seizures during therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"26","author":"Wusthoff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02398-w","article-title":"Risk of seizures in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy receiving hypothermia plus erythropoietin or placebo","author":"Glass","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.3723","article-title":"Association between increased seizures during rewarming after hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2-year follow-up: a nested multisite cohort study","volume":"78","author":"Chalak","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/WNP.0b013e3182872ac2","article-title":"EEG Background patterns and prognostication of neonatal encephalopathy in the era of hypothermia","volume":"30","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.035","article-title":"Contemporary profile of seizures in neonates: a prospective cohort study","volume":"174","author":"Glass","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.05.031","article-title":"Prognostic value of neonatal EEG following therapeutic hypothermia in survivors of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"132","author":"Koskela","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F267","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-300716","article-title":"Cooling and seizure burden in term neonates: an observational study","volume":"97","author":"Low","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2006.06.003","article-title":"Continuous electroencephalography monitoring of the preterm infant","volume":"33","author":"Hellstrom-Westas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.103.6.1263","article-title":"Assessment of neonatal encephalopathy by amplitude-integrated electroencephalography","volume":"103","author":"al Naqeeb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1542\/neo.7-2-e76","article-title":"Amplitude-integrated EEG classification and interpretation in preterm and term infants","volume":"7","author":"Hellstr\u00f6m-Westas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neoreviews"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.58.12.997","article-title":"Monitoring of cerebral function after severe asphyxia in infancy","volume":"58","author":"Bjerre","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000127019.52562.8c","article-title":"Prognostic significance of amplitude-integrated EEG during the first 72\u2005h after birth in severely asphyxiated neonates","volume":"55","author":"ter Horst","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)17946-X","article-title":"Selective head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: multicentre randomised trial","volume":"365","author":"Gluckman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0900854","article-title":"Moderate hypothermia to treat perinatal asphyxial encephalopathy","volume":"361","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e771","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2441","article-title":"Neo.nEURO.network trial participants. Systemic hypothermia after neonatal encephalopathy: outcomes of neo.nEURO.network RCT","volume":"126","author":"Simbruner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e131","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2938","article-title":"Effect of hypothermia on amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram in infants with asphyxia","volume":"126","author":"Thoresen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1607212","article-title":"Evolution of amplitude-integrated electroencephalogram as a predictor of outcome in term encephalopathic neonates receiving therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"35","author":"Sewell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073807306258","article-title":"Amplitude-integrated EEG Is useful in predicting neurodevelopmental outcome in full-term infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Spitzmiller","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Child Neurol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.05.018","article-title":"EEG Background features That predict outcome in term neonates with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: a structured review","volume":"127","author":"Awal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0165744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165744","article-title":"Amplitude integrated electroencephalogram as a prognostic tool in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Del R\u00edo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.14","article-title":"Predictive value of amplitude-integrated EEG (aEEG) after rescue hypothermic neuroprotection for hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Chandrasekaran","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F34","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.72.1.F34","article-title":"Predictive value of early continuous amplitude integrated EEG recordings on outcome after severe birth asphyxia in full term infants","volume":"72","author":"Hellstrom-Westas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.133","article-title":"Comparing near-infrared spectroscopy devices and Their sensors for monitoring regional cerebral oxygen saturation in the neonate","volume":"74","author":"Dix","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2015.186","article-title":"Reference values of regional cerebral oxygen saturation during the first 3 days of life in preterm neonates","volume":"79","author":"Alderliesten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02082-z","article-title":"Early brain and abdominal oxygenation in extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"92","author":"Chock","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2010.71","article-title":"Normal cerebral, renal and abdominal regional oxygen saturations using near-infrared spectroscopy in preterm infants","volume":"31","author":"McNeill","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1349894","article-title":"Cerebral, renal, and splanchnic tissue oxygen saturation values in healthy term newborns","volume":"31","author":"Bailey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2010.02.110","article-title":"Cerebral and somatic near-infrared spectroscopy in normal newborns","volume":"45","author":"Bernal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000518687","article-title":"Does Early cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy monitoring predict outcome in neonates with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy? A systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy","author":"Garvey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3174","article-title":"Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia in brain ischaemia","volume":"13","author":"Yenari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.16493","article-title":"Evolution of early cerebral NIRS in hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"111","author":"Garvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.04.076","article-title":"Renal saturation and acute kidney injury in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy undergoing therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"200","author":"Chock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.008","article-title":"Cerebral regional oxygen saturation trends in infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"113","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1396692","article-title":"Does near-infrared spectroscopy identify asphyxiated newborns at risk of developing brain injury during hypothermia treatment?","volume":"32","author":"Peng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3422","article-title":"Brain perfusion in encephalopathic newborns after therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"34","author":"Massaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-00910-w","article-title":"Association between cerebral oxygen saturation and brain injury in neonates receiving therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","author":"Szakmar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31829bfe41","article-title":"Limited short-term prognostic utility of cerebral NIRS during neonatal therapeutic hypothermia","author":"Shellhaas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2011.09.008","article-title":"Early predictors of short term neurodevelopmental outcome in asphyxiated cooled infants. A combined brain amplitude integrated electroencephalography and near infrared spectroscopy study","volume":"35","author":"Ancora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.84","article-title":"Cerebral oxygenation and brain activity after perinatal asphyxia: does hypothermia change Their prognostic value?","author":"Lemmers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1626712","article-title":"Amplitude-Integrated EEG and cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy in cooled, asphyxiated infants","volume":"35","author":"Niezen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.04.072","article-title":"Near-infrared spectroscopy versus magnetic resonance imaging to study brain perfusion in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"85","author":"Wintermark","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00353.2015","article-title":"Impaired cerebral autoregulation and brain injury in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"114","author":"Massaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.132","article-title":"Cerebrovascular autoregulation and neurologic injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"74","author":"Howlett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000457833","article-title":"New wavelet neurovascular bundle for bedside evaluation of cerebral autoregulation and neurovascular coupling in newborns with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","author":"Chalak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev Neurosci"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-020-0992-5","article-title":"Regional heterogeneity of cerebral hemodynamics in mild neonatal encephalopathy measured with multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"89","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.165","article-title":"Cerebral oxygen metabolism in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy during and after therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"34","author":"Dehaes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-020-03882-3","article-title":"Heart rate variability as possible marker of brain damage in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"180","author":"Bersani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-010-1692-9","article-title":"MR Imaging of term infants with hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy as a predictor of neurodevelopmental outcome and late MRI appearances","volume":"40","author":"Twomey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001094","article-title":"Effect of temperature on heart rate variability in neonatal ICU patients with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Massaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2017.42","article-title":"The effect of therapeutic hypothermia on heart rate variability","volume":"37","author":"Vesoulis","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1603-7","article-title":"Severity of hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and heart rate variability in neonates: a systematic review","volume":"19","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"B63","first-page":"434","article-title":"Changes of cardiovascular regulation during rewarming in newborns undergoing whole-body hypothermia","volume":"36","author":"Koz\u00e1r","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-012-0703-2","article-title":"Heart rate variability in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"79","author":"Aliefendio\u011flu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2016.245","article-title":"Heart rate variability in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy during therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"81","author":"Goulding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1361937","article-title":"Depressed heart rate variability Is associated with abnormal EEG, MRI, and death in neonates with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"31","author":"Vergales","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2017.94","article-title":"Pattern of brain injury and depressed heart rate variability in newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"82","author":"Metzler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2014.108","article-title":"Heart rate variability in encephalopathic newborns during and after therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"34","author":"Massaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.08.004","article-title":"Abnormal heart rate variability at school age in survivors of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy managed with therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"29","author":"Suppiej","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E70","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000686","article-title":"Correlation between heart rate characteristic Index score and severity of brain injury in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"20","author":"Kayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1203\/01.PDR.0000064904.05313.D2","article-title":"Abnormal heart rate characteristics preceding neonatal sepsis and sepsis-Like illness","volume":"53","author":"Griffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14110","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14110","article-title":"Heart rate variability and inflammatory markers in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"7","author":"Yasova Barbeau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol Rep"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12726","article-title":"Early predictors of outcome in infants treated with hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy","volume":"57","author":"Merchant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-021-01233-0","article-title":"Value of cranial ultrasound at initiation of therapeutic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy","volume":"42","author":"Sanislow","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1159\/000441466","article-title":"Reference ranges for neonatal basal ganglia perfusion as measured by fractional moving blood volume","volume":"109","author":"Schindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1297","article-title":"Prognostic tests in term neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"131","author":"van Laerhoven","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2018.03.043","article-title":"Evoked potentials predict psychomotor development in neonates with normal MRI after hypothermia for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"129","author":"Cainelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.09.024","article-title":"Abnormalities in evoked potentials associated with abnormal glycemia and brain injury in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"132","author":"Kamino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2015.03.001","article-title":"Somatosensory evoked potentials in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with hypothermia","volume":"19","author":"Garfinkle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04336-0","article-title":"Prognostic value of somatosensory-evoked potentials in the newborn with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy after the introduction of therapeutic hypothermia","volume":"181","author":"Arriaga-Redondo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.10.051","article-title":"The utility of amplitude-integrated EEG and NIRS measurements as indices of hypoxic ischaemia in the newborn pig","volume":"123","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91156.2008","article-title":"Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography during early reperfusion after hypoxia-ischemia in piglets","volume":"106","author":"Tichauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00499-5","article-title":"Electrocortical brain activity, cerebral haemodynamics and oxygenation during progressive hypotension in newborn piglets","volume":"112","author":"Gavilanes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199611000-00014","article-title":"A piglet survival model of posthypoxic encephalopathy","volume":"40","author":"Thoresen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000468976","article-title":"Prediction of outcome in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy II: role of amplitude-integrated electroencephalography and cerebral oxygen saturation measured by near-infrared spectroscopy","volume":"112","author":"Goeral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2010.08.004","article-title":"EEG-NIRS in epilepsy in children and neonates","volume":"40","author":"Wallois","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurophysiol Clin"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00560","article-title":"Simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG): dual use of brain monitoring techniques improves Our understanding of physiology","volume":"7","author":"Variane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0172991","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172991","article-title":"Prognostic value of cerebral tissue oxygen saturation during neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"12","author":"Clair","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0000000000001067","article-title":"Electrographic seizures in children and neonates undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr Crit Care Med"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00133","article-title":"Prognostic value of clinical tests in neonates with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy treated with therapeutic hypothermia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1159\/000505519","article-title":"Predictors of outcomes in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy following hypothermia: a meta-analysis","volume":"117","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000493002","article-title":"Prognostic accuracy of heart rate variability analysis in neonatal encephalopathy: a systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Oliveira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neonatology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1138062\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]],"date-time":"2023-03-08T00:08:56Z","timestamp":1678234136000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1138062\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1138062"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1138062","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,8]]},"article-number":"1138062"}}