{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T03:47:54Z","timestamp":1777693674487,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical characteristics and risk factors for testicular\/epididymal involvement in 73 children with immunoglobulin A vasculitis (IgAV) who were admitted to our hospital between January 2012 and November 2022 were reviewed. The demographic data, laboratory parameters, and follow-up data of the patients were compared to those of 146 males without testicular\/epididymal involvement. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the variables associated with testicular\/epididymal involvement. The prevalence of testicular\/epididymal involvement among male patients with IgAV was 1.3% (73\/5,556). Increased blood flow in the testes and\/or epididymis on ultrasound was found in 71 patients. The remaining two patients underwent surgical exploration for loss or reduction of testicular blood flow. One patient underwent orchiectomy for intraoperative confirmation of complete right testicular infarction. Pathological findings revealed IgA immune complex deposition in the testis. Patient age (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.792; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.682\u20130.919, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), platelet count (OR\u2009=\u20091.011; 95% CI: 1.002\u20131.020, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.013), and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels (OR\u2009=\u20090.236; 95% CI: 0.091\u20130.608, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) were strongly associated with the occurrence of testicular\/epididymal involvement in IgAV. Therefore, young age, increased platelet count, and low IgM levels in patients with IgAV are potential risk factors for testicular\/epididymal involvement. Doppler ultrasound can help differentiate IgAV from acute scrotum. Most patients with testicular\/epididymal involvement have good prognoses, although serious complications such as testicular infarction may occur.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1141118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:52:39Z","timestamp":1679287959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immunoglobulin a vasculitis with testicular\/epididymal involvement in children: A retrospective study of a ten-year period"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Jian-Jun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yao-Wang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang-Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei-Guo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tian-Qu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i95","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez599","article-title":"Childhood vasculitis","volume":"59","author":"Ozen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00257","article-title":"Childhood IgA vasculitis (henoch schonlein purpura)\u2014advances and knowledge gaps","author":"Oni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771619","article-title":"Pathogenesis of IgA vasculitis: an up-to-date review","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.921864","article-title":"IgA vasculitis update: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and biomarkers","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-021-00874-9","article-title":"IgA vasculitis","volume":"43","author":"Pillebout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roac111","article-title":"Clinical features of pediatric IgA vasculitis patients with scrotal involvement","author":"Sunar","year":"","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-018-0039-3","article-title":"Characterization of scrotal involvement in children and adolescents with IgA vasculitis","author":"Buscatti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2006.00173.x","article-title":"Scrotal involvement in childhood henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"96","author":"Ha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.12.001","article-title":"Testicular torsion associated with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"243","author":"Kajitani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.4149\/BLL_2012_087","article-title":"A case of scrotal swelling mimicking testicular torsion preceding henoch-sch\u00f6nlein vasculitis","volume":"113","author":"Akgun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bratisl Lek Listy"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300100843","article-title":"Epididymoorchitis mimicking testicular torsion in henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"11","author":"Dayan\u0131r","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2017.05.005","article-title":"Henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura with testicular necrosis: sonographic findings at the onset, during treatment, and at follow-up","volume":"107","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3783","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06323-8","article-title":"Clinical analysis of 99 children with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura complicated with overt gastrointestinal bleeding","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2020.1807161","article-title":"The relevance of practical laboratory markers in predicting gastrointestinal and renal involvement in children with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"133","author":"Karada\u011f","year":"2021","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000001571","article-title":"Hemotologic indices for predicting internal organ involvement in henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura (IgA vasculitis)","volume":"42","author":"\u00d6zdemir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.13652","article-title":"Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to predict gastrointestinal bleeding in henoch: sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"60","author":"Hong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21817","article-title":"Platelet counts in children with henoch-schonlein purpura-relationship to renal involvement","volume":"30","author":"Elmas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Lab Anal"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107454","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios in henoch-schonlein purpura and its complications","volume":"94","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.116657","article-title":"Eular\/printo\/pres criteria for henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura, childhood polyarteritis nodosa, childhood wegener granulomatosis and childhood takayasu arteritis: ankara 2008. Part ii: final classification criteria","volume":"69","author":"Ozen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-06007-9","article-title":"Analysis of children with henoch\u2013schonlein purpura secondary to infection","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-018-0039-3","article-title":"Clinical features of children with henoch-schonlein purpura: risk factors associated with renal involvement","volume":"6","author":"Tabel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Iran J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"B22","first-page":"98","article-title":"An audit of the management of the acute scrotum in children with henoch-schonlein purpura","volume":"46","author":"Ioannides","year":"2001","journal-title":"J R Coll Surg Edinb"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s002470050029","article-title":"Severe scrotal pain in boys with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura: incidence and sonography","volume":"30","author":"Ben-Sira","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1960.02070030835021","article-title":"Anaphylactoid purpura in children (schonlein-henoch syndrome): review with a follow-up of the renal complications","volume":"99","author":"Allen","year":"1960","journal-title":"AMA J Dis Child"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1325-1834","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of acute scrotum in childhood and adolescence with high-resolution duplex sonography","volume":"42","author":"Deeg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0000000000002161","article-title":"Henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura with scrotal involvement: a case report and literature review","volume":"43","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Pediatr Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2004.00835.x","article-title":"Acute scrotum caused by henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"11","author":"Hara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.15426","article-title":"Preadolescent-versus adolescent-onsetigav: the impact of age on prognosis","author":"Co\u015fkun","year":"","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.55519\/JAMC-02-9750","article-title":"Age related characteristics of children and adolescent with henoch sch\u00f6nlein purpura and systems involvement: an experience from tertiary care center","volume":"34","author":"Aziz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"B30","first-page":"4","article-title":"Thrombopoietin and interleukin-6 levels in henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"39","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2019.39.4.345","article-title":"The platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as an inflammatory marker in rheumatic diseases","volume":"39","author":"Gasparyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12089","article-title":"Raised serum levels of interleukins 6 and 8 and antiphospholipid antibodies in an adult patient with henoch-sch\u00f6nlein purpura","volume":"38","author":"Kimura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14529","article-title":"Venous sinus thrombosis in a case of immunoglobulin a vasculitis and a systemic review of literature","author":"Zheng","year":"","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922814526983","article-title":"Crossing the thrombotic threshold","volume":"53","author":"Zaidi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Pediatr (Phila)"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1141118\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]],"date-time":"2023-03-20T04:52:42Z","timestamp":1679287962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1141118\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1141118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1141118","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,20]]},"article-number":"1141118"}}