{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:17:35Z","timestamp":1789006655267,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687132800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present study aimed at investigating the readability of online sources on hereditary hearing impairment (HHI).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In August 2022, the search terms \u201chereditary hearing impairment\u201d, \u201cgenetic deafness\u201d, hereditary hearing loss\u201d, and \u201csensorineural hearing loss of genetic origin\u201d were entered into the Google search engine and educational materials were determined. The first 50 websites were determined for each search. The double hits were removed and websites with only graphics or tables were excluded. Websites were categorized into either a professional society, a clinical practice or a general health information website. The readability tests to evaluate the websites included: Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch\u2013Kincaid grade level, Gunning\u2013Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook, Coleman\u2013Liau Index, Automated Readability Index.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twentynine websites were included and categorized as from 4 professional societies, 11 from clinical practices and 14 providing general information. All analyzed websites required higher reading levels than sixth grade. On average 12\u201316 years of education is required to read and understand the websites focused on HHI. Although general health information websites have better readability, the difference was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The readability scores of every type of online educational materials on HHI are above the recommended level indicating that not all patients and parents can comprehend the information they seek for on these websites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1147207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T06:06:05Z","timestamp":1687154765000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Comprehensiveness of online sources for patient education on hereditary hearing impairment"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Ya\u015far Kemal","family":"Duymaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet M.","family":"Tekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"D\u2019Haese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eamil","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak","family":"Erkmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmet Adnan","family":"C\u0131r\u0131k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedat","family":"Topsakal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra050700","article-title":"Newborn hearing screening \u2014 a silent revolution","volume":"354","author":"Morton","year":"2006","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/63.1.73","article-title":"Hereditary deafness and phenotyping in humans","volume":"63","author":"Bitner-Glindzicz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.5152\/iao.2021.21276","article-title":"Global research on hereditary hearing impairment over the last 40 years: a bibliometric study","volume":"17","author":"Tekin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Int Adv Otol"},{"key":"B4","first-page":"125","article-title":"Genetic testing for hearing impairment","volume":"1","author":"Topsakal","year":"2005","journal-title":"B-ENT"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20162964","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2964","article-title":"Early hearing detection and vocabulary of children with hearing loss","volume":"140","author":"Yoshinaga-Itano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1600","article-title":"The characteristics and motivations of online health information seekers: cross-sectional survey and qualitative interview study","volume":"13","author":"Powell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02301-7","article-title":"Why is health literacy failing so many?","volume":"400","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-8-300","article-title":"Parental use of the internet to seek health information and primary care utilisation for their child: a cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Bouche","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106S","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X10377661","article-title":"Use of the internet and ratings of information sources for medical decisions: results from the DECISIONS survey","volume":"30","author":"Couper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med Decis Mak"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.025","article-title":"Internet use and stigmatized illness","volume":"61","author":"Berger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gnp107","article-title":"The stigma of hearing loss","volume":"50","author":"Wallhagen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2022.07.012","article-title":"Teleconsultation adoption since COVID-19: comparison of barriers and facilitators in primary care settings in Hong Kong and The Netherlands","volume":"126","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez Coves","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy (New York)"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.6.552","article-title":"Health literacy report of the council on scientific affairs. Ad hoc committee on health literacy for the council on scientific affairs, American medical association","volume":"281","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B14","author":"Weiss","year":""},{"key":"B15","year":""},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X17739194","article-title":"Disease knowledge, illness perceptions, and quality of life in adolescents with sickle cell disease: is there a link?","volume":"4","author":"Asnani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glob Pediatr Heal"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.69.5.415","article-title":"Recognizing and overcoming inadequate health literacy, a barrier to care","volume":"69","author":"Williams","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211033254","article-title":"Readability of the American, Canadian, and British otolaryngology\u2013head and neck surgery societies\u2019 patient materials","volume":"166","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2012.08.001","article-title":"Readability assessment of online patient education materials from academic otolaryngology-head and neck surgery departments","volume":"34","author":"Svider","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Otolaryngol Head Neck Med Surg"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599816674711","article-title":"Readability trends of online information by the American academy of otolaryngology\u2014head and neck surgery foundation","volume":"156","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/014556131709600312","article-title":"Evaluating the quality and readability of internet information sources regarding the treatment of swallowing disorders","volume":"96","author":"Ferster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ear, Nose Throat J"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489414567938","article-title":"Readability assessment of internet-based patient education materials related to parathyroid surgery","volume":"124","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MBC.0000000000001051","article-title":"Readability and quality assessment of internet-based patient education materials related to nasal septoplasty","volume":"50","author":"Grose","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.24287","article-title":"Quality and readability of online patient education materials related to branchial cleft cysts","volume":"14","author":"Daines","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1037\/h0057532","article-title":"A new readability yardstick","volume":"32","author":"Flesch","year":"1948","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa021212","article-title":"Readability standards for informed-consent forms as compared with actual readability","volume":"348","author":"Paasche-Orlow","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812456152","article-title":"Readability assessment of patient education materials on major otolaryngology association websites","volume":"147","author":"Eloy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655","volume-title":"Derivation of new readability formulas (automated readability index, fog count and flesch Reading ease formula) for navy enlisted personnel","author":"Kincaid","year":"1975"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599814560338","article-title":"Readability assessment of online tracheostomy care resources","volume":"152","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812442783","article-title":"Readability assessment of patient education materials from the American academy of otolaryngology - head and neck surgery foundation","volume":"147","author":"Kasabwala","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00227","article-title":"Severe hearing loss in the aging population poses a global public health challenge. How can we better realize the benefits of cochlear implantation to mitigate this crisis?","volume":"7","author":"D\u2019Haese","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Public Heal"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958018759421","article-title":"Awareness of hearing loss in older adults: results of a survey conducted in 500 subjects across 5 European countries as a basis for an online awareness campaign","volume":"55","author":"D\u2019haese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inquiry"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000816960.79821.e3","article-title":"Online readability analysis: mohs micrographic surgery postsurgical wound care","volume":"35","author":"Dowdle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Ski Wound Care"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23309","article-title":"Readability assessment of internet-based patient education materials related to endoscopic sinus surgery","volume":"122","author":"Cherla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.131.8.719","article-title":"Internet use by parents of children undergoing outpatient otolaryngology procedures","volume":"131","author":"Boston","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol\u2014Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12","DOI":"10.2196\/ijmr.3790","article-title":"Are parents getting it right? A survey of parents\u2019 internet use for children\u2019s health care information","volume":"4","author":"Pehora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interact J Med Res"},{"key":"B37","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health literacy and patient safety: help patients understand (manual for clinicians, second edition)","volume":"62","author":"Weiss","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Med Assoc Found Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1863","article-title":"Identifying factors for optimal development of health-related websites: a delphi study among experts and potential future users","volume":"14","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"B39","author":"Sterling","year":""},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1080\/02763869.2021.1987799","article-title":"Quality evaluation of consumer health information websites found on google using DISCERN, CRAAP, and HONcode","volume":"40","author":"Portillo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Ref Serv Q"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671221092356","article-title":"Readability of patient educational materials in sports medicine","volume":"10","author":"\u00d3 Doinn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop J Sport Med"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-021-02675-9","article-title":"A multimetric readability analysis of online patient educational materials for submental fat reduction","volume":"46","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.6104","article-title":"Assessment of online patient education materials from major ophthalmologic associations","volume":"133","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/bco2.87","article-title":"Quality and readability of online patient information on treatment for erectile dysfunction","volume":"2","author":"Pattenden","year":"2021","journal-title":"BJUI Compass"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13244-021-01094-3","article-title":"Readability of patient education materials related to radiation safety: what are the implications for patient-centred radiology care?","volume":"12","author":"Delaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Insights Imaging"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.03.023","article-title":"YouTube: a good source of information on pediatric tonsillectomy?","volume":"77","author":"Strychowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.10.045","article-title":"YouTube as an information source for pediatric adenotonsillectomy and ear tube surgery","volume":"78","author":"Sorensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1147207\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]],"date-time":"2023-06-19T06:06:10Z","timestamp":1687154770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1147207\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1147207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1147207","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"article-number":"1147207"}}