{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:09:19Z","timestamp":1791306559436,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007128","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021JM-239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021JM-239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007128","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic review aimed to analyze the characteristics of different diagnostic techniques for micrognathia, summarize the consistent diagnostic criteria of each technique, and provide a simple and convenient prenatal diagnosis strategy for micrognathia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, the search was undertaken in three international databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). The three reviewers assessed all papers and extracted the following variables: author's name and year of publication, country, study design, number of participants, gestational age, equipment for prenatal examination, biometric parameters related to micrognathia, main results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 25 articles included in the analysis. Nineteen articles described cross-sectional studies (76 percent), 4 (16 percent) were case-control studies, and 2 (8 percent) were cohort studies. Fifteen studies (60 percent) had a prospective design, 9 (36 percent) had a retrospective design, and one (4 percent) had both prospective and retrospective design. Thirty-two percent of the studies (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098) were performed in USA, and the remaining studies were performed in China (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20094), Israel (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), Netherlands (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20093), UK (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), France (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), Italy (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), Belgium(<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), Germany (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), Spain (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091), and Austria (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091). The prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia can be performed as early as possible in the first trimester, while the second and third trimester of pregnancy were the main prenatal diagnosis period. The articles that were included in the qualitative synthesis describe 30 biometric parameters related to the mandible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of the 30 biometric parameters related to the mandible, 15 can obtain the simple and convenient diagnostic criteria or warning value for micrognathia. Based on these diagnostic criteria or warning value, clinicians can quickly make a preliminary judgment on facial deformities, to carry out cytologic examination to further clarify the diagnosis of micrognathia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1161421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T05:06:46Z","timestamp":1681276006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prenatal diagnosis of micrognathia: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Zhengqiang","family":"Cang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangbo","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaomiao","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yichen","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siqi","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Dou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(03)00672-0","article-title":"Clinical outcome of fetuses with sonographic diagnosis of isolated micrognathia","volume":"102","author":"Vettraino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s10038-019-0630-4","article-title":"A genetic-phenotypic classification for syndromic micrognathia","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.06.031","article-title":"Fetal micrognathia in the first trimester: an ominous finding even after a normal array","volume":"263","author":"Zhen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2018.11.010","article-title":"Pierre robin sequence","volume":"46","author":"Hsieh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Plast Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-018-3111-4","article-title":"Mortality in robin sequence: identification of risk factors","volume":"177","author":"Logjes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2016.03.033","article-title":"Feeding and reflux in children after mandibular distraction osteogenesis for micrognathia: a systematic review","volume":"85","author":"Breik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2008.10.014","article-title":"Bilateral intra-oral distraction osteogenesis for the management of severe congenital mandibular hypoplasia in early childhood","volume":"37","author":"Sadakah","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2012.11.018","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis in the micrognathic neonate: a review for neonatologists and pediatricians","volume":"54","author":"Hong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Neonatol"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-3476(85)80363-2","article-title":"Breathing pattern and ventilation during oral feeding in term newborn infants","volume":"106","author":"Mathew","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2003.10.001","article-title":"Congenital upper airway obstruction","volume":"5","author":"Dinwiddie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Paediatr Respir Rev"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.2310\/7070.2012.00016","article-title":"Tracheostomy versus mandibular distraction osteogenesis in Canadian children with pierre robin sequence: a comparative cost analysis","volume":"41","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2011.12.023","article-title":"Feeding and mandibular distraction osteogenesis in children with pierre robin sequence: a case series of functional outcomes","volume":"76","author":"Hong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0223(199906)19:6%3C567::AID-PD581%3E3.0.CO;2-P","article-title":"The prenatal diagnosis of pierre-robin sequence","volume":"19","author":"Hsieh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620972297","article-title":"Prenatal diagnosis of robin sequence: sensitivity, specificity, and clinical relevance of an Index for micrognathia","volume":"58","author":"Kruse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1970130809","article-title":"Measurement of the fetal mandible\u2013feasibility and construction of a centile chart","volume":"13","author":"Chitty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/s0029-7844(98)00414-1","article-title":"Objective diagnosis of micrognathia in the fetus: the jaw index","volume":"93","author":"Paladini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4834","article-title":"Prenatal sonographic features of triploidy at 12-16 weeks","volume":"36","author":"Zalel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1159\/000380948","article-title":"Prenatal identification of pierre robin sequence: a review of the literature and Look towards the future","volume":"39","author":"Kaufman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.2661","article-title":"Fetal micrognathia: objective assessment and associated anomalies on prenatal sonogram","volume":"31","author":"Luedders","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.15121","article-title":"Ultrasonographic study of fetal mandibular markers during the first trimester in a Chinese population","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0705.1991.01010012.x","article-title":"The fetal mandible measurement: an objective determination of fetal jaw size","volume":"1","author":"Otto","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994725","article-title":"Sonographic measurement of the fetal mandible: standards for normal pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Watson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-994125","article-title":"Sonographic imaging of the fetal face and the establishment of normative dimensions for chin length and upper lip width","volume":"14","author":"Sivan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0960-7692.2001.00622.x","article-title":"The fetal mandible: a 2D and 3D sonographic approach to the diagnosis of retrognathia and micrognathia","volume":"19","author":"Rotten","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2003.07.031","article-title":"Assessment of the facial features and chin development of fetuses with use of serial three-dimensional sonography and the mandibular size monogram in a Chinese population","volume":"190","author":"Tsai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1159\/000082436","article-title":"Nomograms for the sonographic measurement of the fetal philtrum and chin","volume":"20","author":"Gull","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.3866","article-title":"Three-dimensional sonographic determination of normal fetal mandibular and maxillary size during the second half of pregnancy","volume":"28","author":"Roelfsema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.1363","article-title":"The fetal mandible: an in utero sonographic evaluation between 11 and 31 weeks\u2019 gestation","volume":"26","author":"Zalel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5188","article-title":"Frontomaxillary and mandibulomaxillary facial angles at 11+0 to 13+6 weeks in fetuses with trisomy 18","volume":"30","author":"Borenstein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.7768","article-title":"Maxilla-nasion-mandible angle: a new method to assess profile anomalies in pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"de Jong-Pleij","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.3904","article-title":"The fetal profile line: a proposal for a sonographic reference line to classify forehead and mandible anomalies in the second and third trimester","volume":"32","author":"de Jong-Pleij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.10121","article-title":"Absent mandibular gap in the retronasal triangle view: a clue to the diagnosis of micrognathia in the first trimester","volume":"39","author":"Sepulveda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.4496","article-title":"Normal mandibular growth and diagnosis of micrognathia at prenatal MRI","volume":"35","author":"Nemec","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2017.07.163","article-title":"Micrognathia and oropharyngeal space in patients with robin sequence: prenatal MRI measurements","volume":"76","author":"Kooiman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5239","article-title":"An algorithm for predicting robin sequence from fetal MRI","volume":"38","author":"Resnick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5371","article-title":"Objective assessment of the fetal facial profile at second and third trimester of pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prenat Diagn"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2019.10.015","article-title":"Can robin sequence be predicted from prenatal ultrasonography?","volume":"78","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2020.108937","article-title":"What does the normal fetal face look like? MR imaging of the developing mandible and nasal cavity","volume":"126","author":"Toren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211064771","article-title":"Mandibular measurements at the 20-week anatomy ultrasound as a prenatal diagnostic predictor of pierre robin sequence","volume":"60","author":"Bruce","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-573","article-title":"Study on normal reference value of fetal facial profile markers during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Pediatr"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.7863\/jum.2005.24.11.1533","article-title":"Real-time magnetic resonance imaging aids prenatal diagnosis of isolated cleft palate","volume":"24","author":"Kazan-Tannus","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1161421\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T05:06:49Z","timestamp":1681276009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1161421\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1161421"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1161421","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]]},"article-number":"1161421"}}