{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,26]],"date-time":"2026-03-26T15:24:57Z","timestamp":1774538697113,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pediatric rheumatic diseases are chronic illnesses that pose a huge economic burden to children and their families; one of the most common is pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE). The direct cost of pSLE has been studied in other countries. In the Philippines, this was only studied in the adult population. This study aimed to determine the direct cost of pSLE in the Philippines and its cost predictors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 100 pSLE patients were seen from November 2017 to January 2018 at the University of Santo Tomas. Informed consent and assent forms were obtained. A total of 79 patients met the inclusion criteria and parents were asked to answer a questionnaire. Data were tabulated and were subjected to statistical analysis. Cost predictors were estimated using a stepwise log linear regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 79 pediatric SLE patients, with a mean age of 14.68\u2009\u00b1\u20093.24\u2005years, 89.9% of which were females, with a mean disease duration of 36.08\u2009\u00b1\u200923.54\u2005months, were included in this study. A total of 65.82% had lupus nephritis and 49.37% were in flare. The mean annual direct cost for pediatric SLE patient was 162,764.81\u2005PHP (USD 3,047.23). Majority of the expense was for medications. Regression analysis showed that the predictors of increased cost in doctor's fee in clinic visits (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value 0.000) and IV infusion (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value 0.01) were the higher combined income of the parents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a preliminary study on the mean annual direct cost of pediatric SLE patients in a single center in the Philippines. Pediatric SLE patients with nephritis and other target organ damage were seen to increase the cost up to 2\u20133.5\u00d7. Patients in flare also had a higher cost of up to 1.6\u00d7. The overall cost driver of this study was the parent's or caregivers combined income. Further analysis showed that cost drivers in the subcategories include the age, sex and parent's\/caregiver's educational attainment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1166974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T08:37:20Z","timestamp":1685608640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Direct healthcare cost of pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Maria Kathryn Ramirez","family":"Yee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ma Theresa Moreno","family":"Collante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine Bea","family":"Bernal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","first-page":"290","volume-title":"Textbook of pediatric rheumatology","author":"Petty","year":"2016"},{"key":"B2","year":""},{"key":"B3","author":"Binay","year":""},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21845","article-title":"Cost of treatment of childhood-onset sytemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"55","author":"Brunner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B5","article-title":"Hospitalizations, renal activity and damage ncur the highest medical costs among Filipino patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"56","author":"Ve\u00f1egas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phillippine J Intern Med"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-015-3344-8","article-title":"Direct medical costs and their predictors in South Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20502","article-title":"A structured literature review of the direct costs of adult systemic lupus erythematosus in the US","volume":"63","author":"Slawsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"B8","first-page":"1385","article-title":"Clinical and financial burden of active lupus in Greece: a nationwide study","author":"Bertsias","year":""},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203314524849","article-title":"Cost of illness and quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in South Korea","volume":"23","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lupus"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20410","article-title":"Cost-of-illness studies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2015.11.013","article-title":"Direct and indirect costs for systemic lupus erythematosus in Sweden. A nationwide health economic study based on five defined cohorts","volume":"45","author":"J\u00f6nsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000416","article-title":"Socioeconomic consequences of systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"29","author":"Barber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2009.106","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of SLE","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1166974\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T08:37:23Z","timestamp":1685608643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1166974\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"references-count":13,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1166974"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1166974","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"article-number":"1166974"}}