{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:01:53Z","timestamp":1787886113651,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Autoinflammatory bone disorders are a group of diseases characterized by sterile osteomyelitis. This includes chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and the monogenic forms, Majeed syndrome and deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. These disorders result from innate immune system dysregulation and cytokine imbalance that triggers inflammasome activation causing downstream osteoclastogenesis and excessive bone remodeling. In this review, we will summarize the immunopathogenesis of pediatric autoinflammatory bone diseases with a special focus on the genetics and inborn errors of immunity, while briefly touching on the clinical manifestations and management of each disease as well as areas for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T05:23:41Z","timestamp":1685942621000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Pediatric autoinflammatory bone disorders\u2014a mini review with special focus on pathogenesis and inborn errors of immunity"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Hetrick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199905000-00004","article-title":"The SAPHO syndrome in children: a rare cause of hyperostosis and osteitis","volume":"19","author":"Letts","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000734","article-title":"Comparing children and adults with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"32","author":"Lenert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140060","article-title":"Osteolytic lesion in PAPA syndrome responding to anti-interleukin 1 treatment","volume":"41","author":"Caorsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2011.02205.x","article-title":"Nonbacterial osteitis in children: data of a German incidence surveillance study","volume":"100","author":"Jansson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3572-6","article-title":"Unexpectedly high incidences of chronic non-bacterial as compared to bacterial osteomyelitis in children","volume":"36","author":"Schnabel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.210991","article-title":"Increasing cases of chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in children: a series of 215 cases from a single tertiary referral center","volume":"49","author":"Aden","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kel190","article-title":"Classification of non-bacterial osteitis: retrospective study of clinical, immunological and genetic aspects in 89 patients","volume":"46","author":"Jansson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2992","article-title":"Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis in childhood: prospective follow-up during the first year of anti-inflammatory treatment","volume":"12","author":"Beck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key058","article-title":"The multifaceted presentation of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a series of 486 cases from the Eurofever international registry","volume":"57","author":"Girschick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1190","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3788","article-title":"Pediatric chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"130","author":"Borzutzky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/art.39013","article-title":"A large national cohort of French patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteitis","volume":"67","author":"Wipff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-016-0109-1","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)\u2013advancing the diagnosis","volume":"14","author":"Roderick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.126457","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: clinical outcomes after more than five years of follow-up","volume":"141","author":"Huber","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.161255","article-title":"Treatment response and longterm outcomes in children with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"44","author":"Schnabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0807865","article-title":"An autoinflammatory disease with deficiency of the interleukin-1\u2013receptor antagonist","volume":"360","author":"Aksentijevich","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.08.003","article-title":"A novel mutation in the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist associated with intrauterine disease onset","volume":"145","author":"Altiok","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030367","article-title":"Majeed syndrome: a review of the clinical, genetic and immunologic features","volume":"11","author":"Ferguson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(11)63565-9","article-title":"A new autosomal dominant disorder of pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: PAPA syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Lindor","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1086\/302866","article-title":"Pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne syndrome maps to chromosome 15q","volume":"66","author":"Yeon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-016-3466-7","article-title":"Serum biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"36","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.12.012","article-title":"Autoinflammatory bone disorders","volume":"147","author":"Morbach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.62B3.7410472","article-title":"Histopathological aspects of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis","volume":"62","author":"Bj0rksten","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(99)90301-5","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children: diagnostic value of histopathology and microbial testing","volume":"30","author":"Girschick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2812","article-title":"Efficacy of antibiotic therapy for SAPHO syndrome is lost after its discontinuation: an interventional study","volume":"11","author":"Assmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s003930070059","article-title":"Azithromycin: an anti-inflammatory effect in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis? A preliminary report","volume":"59","author":"Schilling","year":"2000","journal-title":"Z Rheumatol"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.10.809","article-title":"Palmoplantar pustulosis and sternocostoclavicular arthro-osteitis","volume":"47","author":"Edlund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B27","first-page":"457","article-title":"Propionibacterium acnes and SAPHO syndrome: a case report and literature","volume":"25","author":"Colina","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198708203170817","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: are mycoplasmas involved?","volume":"317","author":"Hummell","year":"1987","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-198710000-00009","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis: a noninfectious inflammatory process","volume":"6","author":"King","year":"1987","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199911000-00015","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children","volume":"18","author":"Schultz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis J"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04533.x","article-title":"Immunology in clinic review series; focus on autoinflammatory diseases: update on monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: the role of interleukin (IL)-1 and an emerging role for cytokines beyond IL-1","volume":"167","author":"Goldbach-Mansky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12296","article-title":"Regulation of inflammasome activation","volume":"265","author":"Man","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3328","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133328","article-title":"The NLRP3 inflammasome: an overview of mechanisms of activation and regulation","volume":"20","author":"Kelley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-019-0101-5","article-title":"The role of interleukin-1 in general pathology","volume":"39","author":"Kaneko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809568","article-title":"An autoinflammatory disease due to homozygous deletion of the IL1RN locus","volume":"360","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamem.2017.04.007","article-title":"Lipin proteins and glycerolipid metabolism: roles at the ER membrane and beyond","volume":"1859","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta Biomembr"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20161452","article-title":"Lipin-2 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome by affecting P2X7 receptor activation","volume":"214","author":"Lord\u00e9n","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10894","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.342915","article-title":"Lipin-2 reduces proinflammatory signaling induced by saturated fatty acids in macrophages","volume":"287","author":"Valdearcos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2007.01.003","article-title":"Pombe Cdc15 homology (PCH) proteins: coordinators of membrane\u2013cytoskeletal interactions","volume":"17","author":"Chitu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318685111","article-title":"Inflammasome-independent IL-1\u03b2 mediates autoinflammatory disease in Pstpip2-deficient mice","volume":"111","author":"Cassel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.07.009","article-title":"A missense mutation in pstpip2 is associated with the murine autoinflammatory disorder chronic multifocal osteomyelitis","volume":"38","author":"Ferguson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160933","article-title":"NLRP3 Inflammasome assembly is regulated by phosphorylation of the pyrin domain","volume":"214","author":"Stutz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5898","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.10.5898","article-title":"CD2BP1 Modulates CD2-dependent T cell activation via linkage to protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP)-PEST","volume":"176","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3881","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301974","article-title":"Inflammasome priming by lipopolysaccharide is dependent upon ERK signaling and proteasome function","volume":"192","author":"Ghonime","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2011.08.012","article-title":"Chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis is associated with impaired Sp1 signaling, reduced IL10 promoter phosphorylation, and reduced myeloid IL-10 expression","volume":"141","author":"Hofmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2012.07.012","article-title":"Attenuated TLR4\/MAPK signaling in monocytes from patients with CRMO results in impaired IL-10 expression","volume":"145","author":"Hofmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-09-3556","article-title":"Mutation of mouse Mayp\/Pstpip2 causes a macrophage autoinflammatory disease","volume":"107","author":"Grosse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-02-204925","article-title":"Primed innate immunity leads to autoinflammatory disease in PSTPIP2-deficient cmo mice. Blood","volume":"114","author":"Chitu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hematol"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1318688111","article-title":"Critical role for inflammasome-independent IL-1\u03b2 production in osteomyelitis","volume":"111","author":"Lukens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"423","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21450","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.331249","article-title":"Critical role of filamin-binding LIM protein 1 (FBLP-1)\/migfilin in regulation of bone remodeling","volume":"287","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169687","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169687","article-title":"Recessive coding and regulatory mutations in FBLIM1 underlie the pathogenesis of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"12","author":"Cox","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200789","article-title":"Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO): evidence for a susceptibility gene located on chromosome 18q21. 3-18q22","volume":"10","author":"Golla","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Hum Genet"},{"key":"B54","author":"Charras","year":""},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-12-30","article-title":"Deregulation of the IL-1\u03b2 axis in chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis","volume":"12","author":"Scianaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-009-0089-z","article-title":"Osteoclasts and the immune system","volume":"27","author":"Nakashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-009-9316-6","article-title":"Osteoimmunology: crosstalk between the immune and bone systems","volume":"29","author":"Nakashima","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-017-0399-1","article-title":"Deficiency of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA): report of the first Indian patient and a novel deletion affecting IL1RN","volume":"37","author":"Mendonca","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2018.05.020","article-title":"A novel mutation of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) in a DIRA patient from Turkey: diagnosis and treatment","volume":"60","author":"S\u00f6zeri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Turk J Pediatr"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keaa119","article-title":"New variant in the IL1RN-gene (DIRA) associated with late-onset, CRMO-like presentation","volume":"59","author":"Kuemmerle-Deschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/s004310100799","article-title":"The syndrome of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis and congenital dyserythropoietic anaemia. Report of a new family and a review","volume":"160","author":"Majeed","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(89)80650-X","article-title":"Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in three related children and the association with sweet syndrome in two siblings","volume":"115","author":"Majeed","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735851","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.735851","article-title":"Case report: pyogenic arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne: a single-center experience and literature review","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1002\/art.34332","article-title":"Brief report: genotype, phenotype, and clinical course in five patients with PAPA syndrome (pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum, and acne)","volume":"64","author":"Demidowich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-020-04827-6","article-title":"Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis\u2014clinical and magnetic resonance imaging features","volume":"51","author":"d\u2019Angelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-014-0627-7","article-title":"SAPHO Syndrome: a review","volume":"9","author":"Rukavina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Child Orthop"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3261","article-title":"Lighting the fires within: the cell biology of autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"12","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23462","article-title":"Consensus treatment plans for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis refractory to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and\/or with active spinal lesions","volume":"70","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00928-1","article-title":"New insights into adult and paediatric chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis CNO","volume":"22","author":"Hedrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Rheumatol Rep"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.141138","article-title":"Aggressive therapy reduces disease activity without skeletal damage progression in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"42","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.04.003","article-title":"Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis in children","volume":"65","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Clin"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2018.04.011","article-title":"CD14+ Monocytes contribute to inflammation in chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) through increased NLRP3 inflammasome expression","volume":"196","author":"Brandt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-47","article-title":"Autoinflammatory bone disorders with special focus on chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"11","author":"Hedrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Rheumatol"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.11.960","article-title":"Potential therapeutic uses of interleukin 1 receptor antagonists in human diseases","volume":"61","author":"Hallegua","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221801","article-title":"The 2021 EULAR\/American college of rheumatology points to consider for diagnosis, management and monitoring of the interleukin-1 mediated autoinflammatory diseases: cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome, mevalonate kinase deficiency, and deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"81","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998281","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.998281","article-title":"Off-label use of canakinumab in pediatric rheumatology and rare diseases","volume":"9","author":"Del Giudice","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-201818","article-title":"Efficacy of anti-IL-1 treatment in Majeed syndrome","volume":"72","author":"Herlin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.5606\/ArchRheumatol.2019.7267","article-title":"Dramatic response of familial majeed syndrome to interleukin-1 antagonist therapy: case report","volume":"34","author":"Al Mosawi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Rheumatol"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160256","article-title":"Chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis: pathophysiological concepts and current treatment strategies","volume":"43","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160690","article-title":"Anakinra in a cohort of children with chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis","volume":"44","author":"Pardeo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14425","article-title":"Canakinumab treatment in a young girl with refractory chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis associated with pyoderma gangrenosum","volume":"25","author":"Acierno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq122","article-title":"Biologic therapy in refractory chronic non-bacterial osteomyelitis of childhood","volume":"49","author":"Eleftheriou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"B83","first-page":"254","article-title":"OP0342 Identifying candidate items towards the development of classification criteria for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (cno) and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO)","volume":"78","author":"Oliver","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"B84","first-page":"2334","article-title":"Comparison of clinicopathologic and imaging features between chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis and its mimickers: a multi-national 450 case-control study","volume":"72","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arth Rheumatol"},{"key":"B85","year":""},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2021.05.015","article-title":"Establishing core domain sets for chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO) and synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO): a report from the OMERACT 2020 special interest group","volume":"51","author":"Oliver","year":"","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]],"date-time":"2023-06-05T05:23:46Z","timestamp":1685942626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"references-count":86,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2023.1169659","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,5]]},"article-number":"1169659"}}