{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:12:06Z","timestamp":1753891926322,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to measure the related indicators of the neonatal mandible in East China. This provides basic data for the study of the mandible position and morphology of normal newborns and can also provide data support for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of the Pierre Robin sequence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>First, we collected the CT data of normal neonates at the Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University between January 2013 and January 2019. The data included the maxilla and mandible, and neonates had no craniomaxillofacial-related malformation. We exported the data in DICOM format. In the second step, we imported the data into MIMICS 21.0 to reconstruct the data into a 3D model, and then we used the model to measure the different measurement items. Specific measurement items were as follows: \u2460 Measurement of the angle \u03b1: We imported the CT data of the neonate into the software and reconstructed a 3D model. We observed the 3D model to find the left and right gonions (LGo and RGo) and the Menton (Me) and used the angle measurement tool of the software to appoint Me as the apex, and we connected the points LGo, Me, and RGo as angle \u03b1. \u2461 Measurement of the distance between the left and right gonions: The distance measurement tool of the software was used to measure the distance between the bilateral gonions as a. \u2462 Measurement of the distance from the Me to the line between LGo and RGo: The LGo and RGo were connected as a line on the 3D model, then the distance between Me and the line was measured as b. \u2463 Measurement of the distance between the upper and lower jaw: The median sagittal view was found and the distance c between the foremost point of the upper jaw and the foremost point of the lower jaw was measured. We imported the measurement results into the SPSS software for statistical analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Specific measurement results: \u2460 Angle \u03b1: 86.34\u2009\u00b1\u20098.58\u00b0. \u2461 Distance a: 63.63\u2009\u00b1\u20096.83\u2005mm. \u2462 Distance b: 31.99\u2009\u00b1\u20093.70\u2005mm. \u2463 Distance c: 2.28\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04\u2005mm. Among all the above indicators, there was no statistical difference between gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, 132 neonates were initially screened, of which 117 met the inclusion criteria and were finally included. There were 69 male and 48 female neonates. The indicators \u03b1, a, b, and c showed no statistical differences between male and female neonates; therefore, we combined the results to obtain the normal reference value: angle \u03b1: 86.34\u2009\u00b1\u20098.58\u00b0; distance a: 63.63\u2009\u00b1\u20096.83\u2005mm; distance b: 31.99\u2009\u00b1\u20093.70\u2005mm; distance c: 2.28\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04\u2005mm.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1172909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]],"date-time":"2023-08-14T18:17:53Z","timestamp":1692037073000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measurement of the normal mandible in neonates in east China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Shupei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064540","article-title":"Role of the isthmus and FGFs in resolving the paradox of neural crest plasticity and prepatterning","volume":"295","author":"Trainor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-198902000-00012","article-title":"The prominent mandibular angle: preoperative management, operative technique, and results in 42 patients","volume":"83","author":"Baek","year":"1989","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS15198J","article-title":"Mandibular ramus height as an indicator of human infant age","volume":"47","author":"Norris","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318258bcf1","article-title":"Pierre Robin sequence and Treacher Collins hypoplastic mandible comparison using three-dimensional morphometric analysis","volume":"23","author":"Chung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(67)90022-2","article-title":"Norms of size and annual increments of five anatomical measures of the mandible in girls from 3 to 16 years of age","volume":"12","author":"Tracy","year":"1966","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199405000-00032","article-title":"A fall of the base of the tongue considered as a new cause of nasopharyngeal respiratory impairment: Pierre Robin sequence, a translation. 1923","volume":"93","author":"Robin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"076","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-11-113","article-title":"Pierre Robin sequence[C]\/\/seminars in plastic surgery","volume":"26","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thieme Medical Publishers"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181b6c388","article-title":"Mandibular distraction osteogenesis to relieve Pierre Robin severe airway obstruction in neonates: indication and operation","volume":"20","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"272","article-title":"Measurement of the zygomatic area and alveolar crest in human skull specimens and models","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1934.01960160063005","article-title":"Glossoptosis due to atresia and hypotrophy of the mandible","volume":"48","author":"Robin","year":"1934","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2006.08.024","article-title":"Three-dimensional accuracy of measurements made with software on cone-beam computed tomography images","volume":"134","author":"Lagrav\u00e8re","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9592","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.1673-8225.2009.48.044","article-title":"Multi-section measurements of mandibular canal of adult,ex vivo mandibles","volume":"13","author":"Tie-min","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(85)80054-3","article-title":"The Japanese sense of beauty and facial proportions. 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