{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T19:22:30Z","timestamp":1791660150193,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688688000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00a0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00a0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Respiratory viruses might influence\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      nasal carriage and subsequent disease risk. We estimated the association between common respiratory viruses and semiquantitative\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      nasal carriage density in a household setting before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From November 2019\u2013June 2021, we enrolled participants in a remote household surveillance study of respiratory pathogens. Participants submitted weekly reports of acute respiratory illness (ARI) symptoms. Mid-turbinate or anterior nasal swabs were self-collected at enrollment, when ARI occurred, and, in the second year of the study only, from household contacts after SARS-CoV-2 was detected in a household member. Specimens were tested using multiplex reverse-transcription PCR for respiratory pathogens, including\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , rhinovirus, adenovirus, common human coronavirus, influenza A\/B virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) A\/B, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, and human parainfluenza virus. We estimated differences in semiquantitative\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      nasal carriage density, estimated by the inverse of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      relative cycle threshold (Crt) values, with and without viral detection for any virus and for specific respiratory viruses using linear generalized estimating equations of\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      Crt values on virus detection adjusted for age and swab type and accounting for clustering of swabs within households.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 346 swabs from 239 individuals in 151 households that tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009157 with and 189 without \u22651 viruses co-detected). Difficulty breathing, cough, and runny nose were more commonly reported among individuals with specimens with viral co-detection compared to without (15%, 80% and 93% vs. 8%, 57%, and 51%, respectively) and ear pain and headache were less commonly reported (3% and 26% vs. 16% and 41%, respectively). For specific viruses among all ages, semiquantitative\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      nasal carriage density was greater with viral co-detection for enterovirus, RSV A\/B, adenovirus, rhinovirus, and common human coronavirus (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01 for each). When stratified by age, semiquantitative\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      nasal carriage density was significantly greater with viral co-detection among children aged &amp;lt;5 (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and 5\u201317 years (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005), but not among adults aged 18\u201364 years (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.29).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Detection of common respiratory viruses was associated with greater concurrent\n                      <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                      semiquantitative nasal carriage density in a household setting among children, but not adults.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.1198278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,7]],"date-time":"2023-07-07T14:01:15Z","timestamp":1688738475000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Streptococcus pneumoniae nasal carriage patterns with and without common respiratory virus detections in households in Seattle, WA, USA before and during the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Julia 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