{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:54:55Z","timestamp":1790697295197,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Executive functions (EFs) are a set of neuropsychological skills permitting solving problems in a new situation by regulating action, behavior, and emotional response. As cerebral maturation remains vulnerable in preterm children, a higher risk of developing cognitive disorders including EFs exist compared to term children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of preschool EF impairments through proxy reports in children born preterm before 34 weeks of gestational age using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function\u2014Preschool (BRIEF-P) version. Secondary aims were to report neonatal, child, or socioeconomic factors associated with EF disorders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parents of 357 children born preterm aged 3\u20134\u2005years old completed the BRIEF-P version. Impairment in EFs was clinically significant for 13.5% of preterm children (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200947; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.10\u20130.18) compared to 5.1% in term children. A low parental socioeconomic level was significantly associated with impaired parent-rated EF (19.1% vs. 5.3%, <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.003).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Proxy reports of EF impairment are about twice as frequent as in term children. EF difficulties are not related to neonatal or child severity factors in contrast with the parental socioeconomic level. Using a parent-rated questionnaire may be a useful and easy tool to identify early the daily life impact of EF disorders on clinical follow-up of preterm children.<\/jats:p><jats:p>This study was recorded in the Clinical Trials Register under identifier NCT03700463.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2023.999100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]],"date-time":"2023-07-26T11:24:16Z","timestamp":1690370656000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Assessing of executive functions in daily life in preterm children aged 3\u20134 years old from the \u201cBehavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function\u2014Preschool version\u201d questionnaire"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Magali","family":"Reynold de Seresin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Theveniaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Le\u00a0Goff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coline","family":"Chopin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Rouger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Christophe","family":"Roze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Flamant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2014.3351","article-title":"Survival and morbidity of preterm children born at 22 through 34 weeks\u2019 gestation in France in 2011: results of the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study","volume":"169","author":"Ancel","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0461-10","article-title":"Altered neonatal white and gray matter microstructure is associated with neurodevelopmental impairments in very preterm infants with high-grade brain injury","volume":"3","author":"Lean","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"j3448","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j3448","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years for preterm children born at 22\u201334 weeks\u2019 gestation in France in 2011: EPIPAGE-2 cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Pierrat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7961","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e7961","article-title":"Neurological and developmental outcome in extremely preterm children born in England in 1995 and 2006: the EPICure studies","volume":"345","author":"Moore","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.6.728","article-title":"Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of school-aged children who were born preterm: a meta-analysis","volume":"288","author":"Bhutta","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2014.11.016","article-title":"Course and neurological\/behavioral development of preterm children","volume":"22","author":"Marret","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214864","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214864","article-title":"Impairments in error processing and their association with ADHD symptoms in individuals born preterm","volume":"14","author":"Rommel","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/mono.12268","article-title":"I. 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