{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:43:35Z","timestamp":1792622615747,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malocclusion, a common oral health problem in children, is associated with several contributing factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of mixed dentition stage malocclusion and its contributing factors in Chinese Zhuang children aged 7\u20138 years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, 2,281 Zhuang children, about 7\u20138 years old, were randomly selected using a stratified whole-cluster sampling method from schools in counties in Northwestern Guangxi, China. The children were examined on-site for malocclusion and caries by trained dentists, and basic data on the children were collected using questionnaires, including age, sex, parental education, parental accompaniment, and children's knowledge of malocclusion and treatment needs. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test and logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The total prevalence of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7\u20138 years was 58.5%, with the highest prevalence of anterior crossbite tendency, and the prevalence of anterior crossbite and anterior edge-to-edge occlusion was 15.1% and 7.7%, respectively. This was followed by an anterior increased overjet of 13.3% and an inter-incisor spacing of 10.3%. The lowest prevalence was 2.7% for anterior open bite. Sex, parental accompaniment, parental education, and decayed, missing, and filled teeth of the first primary molar were factors that contributed to malocclusion in Zhuang children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malocclusion is a common oral problem among Zhuang children. Therefore, more attention must be paid to the intervention and prevention of malocclusion. The impact factors should be controlled as early as possible.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1308039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:26:26Z","timestamp":1705292786000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Prevalence and contributing factors of malocclusion in Zhuang children aged 7\u20138 years in southern China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Wenjia","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaoyong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaojuan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01663-4","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and assessment of orthodontic treatment needs among Syrian refugee children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study","volume":"21","author":"Salim","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"371","article-title":"The prevalence of malocclusion in China\u2013an investigation of 25,392 children","volume":"37","author":"Fu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e95","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2018.vol32.0095","article-title":"Impact of malocclusion on oral health-related quality of life among schoolchildren","volume":"32","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12591","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in Chinese schoolchildren from 1991 to 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2019.188","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among schoolchildren in Makkah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"7","author":"Fatani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.4103\/jehp.jehp_24_17","article-title":"Malocclusion and dental caries experience among 8-9-year-old children in a city of South Indian region: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"6","author":"Disha","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Educ Health Promot"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0285-x","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors affecting malocclusion in primary dentition among children in Xi'an, China","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/idj.12528","article-title":"Effectiveness of fluoride varnish on caries in the first molars of primary schoolchildren: a 3-year longitudinal study in Guangxi Province, China","volume":"70","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1179\/14653121141443","article-title":"Early correction of anterior crossbites: a systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Borrie","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2015.02.003","article-title":"Is orthodontics prior to 11 years of age evidence-based? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"43","author":"Sunnak","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1515\/ijamh-2020-0142","article-title":"Pooled prevalence estimates of malocclusion among Indian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Mehta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Adolesc Med Health"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220120","DOI":"10.1590\/2177-6709.27.4.e2220120.oar","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion in public school students in the mixed dentition phase and its association with early loss of deciduous teeth","volume":"27","author":"Fadel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dental Press J Orthod"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-3327.192269","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion among Iranian children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Akbari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent Res J (Isfahan)"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjp031","article-title":"Malocclusion and occlusal traits in an urban Iranian population. An epidemiological study of 11- to 14-year-old children","volume":"31","author":"Borzabadi-Farahani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pio.2011.09.005","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusions and orthodontic treatment need in 8- to 12-year-old schoolchildren in Casablanca, Morocco","volume":"13","author":"Bourzgui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn125","article-title":"Prevalence of malocclusion and its relationship with socio-demographic factors, dental caries, and oral hygiene in 12- to 14-year-old Tanzanian schoolchildren","volume":"31","author":"Mtaya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-018-0012-3","article-title":"Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion","volume":"10","author":"Zou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-015-0107-8","article-title":"Timetable for oral prevention in childhood\u2013developing dentition and oral habits: a current opinion","volume":"16","author":"Majorana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prog Orthod"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2013.43.4.193","article-title":"Psychosocial impact of malocclusion in spanish adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Bellot-Arc\u00eds","year":"2013","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Cd003452","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003452.pub4","article-title":"Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Batista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0959-2","article-title":"Association between malocclusion, caries and oral hygiene in children 6 to 12 years old resident in suburban Nigeria","volume":"19","author":"Kolawole","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.04.009","article-title":"Changes in airway dimensions following functional appliances in growing patients with skeletal class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","author":"Xiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjn116","article-title":"Occlusal status and prevalence of occlusal malocclusion traits among 9-year-old schoolchildren","volume":"31","author":"Lux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"B24","first-page":"2198","article-title":"[Relationship of certain skeletal maturity indicators of hand and wrist with adolescent growth spurt]","volume":"88","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.08.017","article-title":"Mental health and psychosocial problems among Chinese left-behind children: a cross-sectional comparative study","volume":"241","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"B26","first-page":"96","article-title":"Dietary consistency and craniofacial development related to masticatory function in minipigs","volume":"17","author":"Ciochon","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6997","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6997","article-title":"Prevalence and contributing factors of dental caries of 6-year-old children in four regions of China","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B28","first-page":"611","article-title":"A study of dental caries and risk factors in children of Guangxi area","volume":"24","author":"Pang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1922\/CDH_00340Singh06","article-title":"Is malocclusion associated with dental caries among children and adolescents in the permanent dentition? A systematic review","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-018-0333-0","article-title":"Association between malocclusion and dental caries in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"S\u00e1-Pinto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Arch Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12186","article-title":"The impact of dental caries on children and young people: what they have to say?","volume":"25","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1308039\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:26:30Z","timestamp":1705292790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1308039\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fped.2024.1308039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2024.1308039","relation":{},"ISSN":["2296-2360"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2296-2360","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"article-number":"1308039"}}