{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1792721475514,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709769600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Pediatr."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>(1) Compare the cross-sectional thickness (CST) and shear wave speed (SWS) of paraspinal muscles (PSM) in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with and without curve progression; (2) investigate the relationship between CST\/SWS and radiographic characteristics in AIS with curve progression; (3) compare the CST\/SWS between AIS and non-scoliosis controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross-sectional study analyzed the CST and SWS of PSM in 48 AIS with mild to moderate curvature and 24 non-scoliosis participants. Participants with scoliosis greater than 45\u00b0 of Cobb angles were excluded. The Change of Cobb angles within the last 6-months was retrieved to allocate AIS into progression and non-progression groups. The SWS and CST of multifidus; longissimus and iliocostalis of the major curve were measured using B-mode ultrasound image with an elastography mode. Discrepancies of the SWS (SWS-ratio: SWS on the convex side divided by SWS on the concave side) and CST (CST-ratio: CST on the convex side divided by CST on the concave side) at the upper\/lower end and apical vertebrae were studied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A higher SWS at the apical vertebrae on the concave side of the major curve (multifidus: 3.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2005m\/s vs. 3.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6\u2005m\/s; <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.01, longissimus: 3.3\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2005m\/s vs. 3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9\u2005m\/s; <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.01, iliocostalis: 2.8\u2009\u00b1\u20091.0\u2005m\/s vs. 2.5\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8\u2005m\/s; <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.01) was observed in AIS with curve progression. A lower SWS-ratio at apical vertebrae was detected with a greater vertebral rotation in participants with curve progression (multifidus [grade II]: 0.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1 vs. grade I: 0.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2; <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>=\u20090.03, longissimus [grade II]: 0.8\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2 vs. grade I: 1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2; <jats:italic>p\u2009<\/jats:italic>&amp;lt;\u20090.01). CST was not different among the progressive, non-progressive AIS and non-scoliosis controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Increased SWS of PSM without change of CST was observed on the concave side of the major curve in participants with progressive AIS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2024.1323756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,7]],"date-time":"2024-03-07T04:42:58Z","timestamp":1709786578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Elasticity and cross-sectional thickness of paraspinal muscles in progressive adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Yunli","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K. 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